vii© 2023 SAE International Contents Preface to the Second Edition xv Preface xvii C H A P T E R 1 The Evolution of Automotive Technology 1 1.1. Introduction: Why This Book, and How? 1 1.2. Structure and System 2 Structure 2 System 3 1.3. A Quasi-Evolutionary Approach 4 Incremental and Radical Change 5 Normal Change 6 1.4.

The Dual Nature of Technology 8 Substitution and Coexistence 8 Taxonomies and Types 10 Affordance 11 1.5. One and a Quarter Century of Cars 12 1.6. Conclusions 14 References 14 P A R T I : S T R U C T U R E C H A P T E R 2 The Engine: Mixture Formation 19 2.1. Introduction: Finding the Car''s Basic Layout 19 Panhard System and Front Wheel Drive 20 2.2.

Constructing a Taxonomy of Engines 21 American versus European Car Culture: Elasticity and Torque Rise 23 Torque and Power Curve 23 Pluto Effect and Sailing Ship Effect 25 Fuel Consumption Graph 26 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Teamrve 23 Pluto Effect and Sailing Ship Effect 25 Fuel Consumption Graph 26 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Teamrve 23 Pluto Effect and Sailing Ship Effect 25 Fuel Consumption Graph 26 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Teamrve 23 Pluto Effect and Sailing Ship Effect 25 Fuel Consumption Graph 26 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Team], Monday, June 05, 2023 viii Contents 2.3. Making the Engine Work 27 2.4. Carburation: Constructing the Mixture 32 Carburation: Evaporation versus Atomization 33 A Typical Early Automotive Engineer: Arthur Krebs 34 Complexifying the Carburetor 37 Constant Venturi versus Constant Vacuum Carburetors 38 Carburetors versus Injection Systems 40 2.5. Conclusions 40 References 41 C H A P T E R 3 The Engine: Ignition 45 3.1.

Introduction: Regulating the Engine from Its Industrial Application 45 Flame versus Incandescent Ignition 45 3.2. Robert Bosch and the Magneto Ignition 47 A Second Typical Car Engineer: Robert Bosch 50 Ignition Timing 52 3.3. Charles Kettering and the Systemic Approach of Technical Problems 53 A Typical American Car Engineer 54 Kettering''s Starter-Generator as System 55 3.4. Struggle of the Systems: Constructing Both a Winner and His Story 57 Spark Plugs 58 Magneto versus Battery Ignition 59 Germany versus USA and the First World War 60 Technical Competition and the Pluto Effect 62 Constructing the Ignition "Story" 63 3.5.

Conclusions 64 References 64 C H A P T E R 4 The Drivetrain: How to Get the Energy from the Engine to the Wheels 67 4.1. Introduction: Shaping the Drivetrain Configuration 67 Pre-automotive Developments 68 Translation and Transformation of Functions 69 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Teamth a Winner and His Story 57 Spark Plugs 58 Magneto versus Battery Ignition 59 Germany versus USA and the First World War 60 Technical Competition and the Pluto Effect 62 Constructing the Ignition "Story" 63 3.5. Conclusions 64 References 64 C H A P T E R 4 The Drivetrain: How to Get the Energy from the Engine to the Wheels 67 4.1. Introduction: Shaping the Drivetrain Configuration 67 Pre-automotive Developments 68 Translation and Transformation of Functions 69 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Teamth a Winner and His Story 57 Spark Plugs 58 Magneto versus Battery Ignition 59 Germany versus USA and the First World War 60 Technical Competition and the Pluto Effect 62 Constructing the Ignition "Story" 63 3.5.

Conclusions 64 References 64 C H A P T E R 4 The Drivetrain: How to Get the Energy from the Engine to the Wheels 67 4.1. Introduction: Shaping the Drivetrain Configuration 67 Pre-automotive Developments 68 Translation and Transformation of Functions 69 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Teamth a Winner and His Story 57 Spark Plugs 58 Magneto versus Battery Ignition 59 Germany versus USA and the First World War 60 Technical Competition and the Pluto Effect 62 Constructing the Ignition "Story" 63 3.5. Conclusions 64 References 64 C H A P T E R 4 The Drivetrain: How to Get the Energy from the Engine to the Wheels 67 4.1. Introduction: Shaping the Drivetrain Configuration 67 Pre-automotive Developments 68 Translation and Transformation of Functions 69 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Teamrgy from the Engine to the Wheels 67 4.1.

Introduction: Shaping the Drivetrain Configuration 67 Pre-automotive Developments 68 Translation and Transformation of Functions 69 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Team], Monday, June 05, 2023 ixContents 4.2. From Belts and Chains to Prop Shafts (and Belts and Chains) 69 Belts 70 Chains versus Prop Shafts 71 Torque Tube versus Hotchkiss Drive 71 4.3. The Clutch: Substitution and Coexistence 72 Emergence of the Dry Single-Disc Clutch 75 A Trend of Automation 76 4.4. The Final Drive: A Feast of Gearwheel Designs 78 Emergence of the Hypoid Pinion Drive 79 4.5.

Universal Joints, Front-Wheel Drive, and the Reconfiguration of the Drivetrain 81 Jean Albert Grégoire 81 Bendix-Weiss, Rzeppa, and Delta Joints 83 4.6. Conclusions 84 References 85 C H A P T E R 5 The Drivetrain: Multiplying Energy, De-Multiplying Speed 89 5.1. Introduction: Costs and Cheapness 89 5.2. The Transmission: How to Circumvent Gear Shifting 90 The Problem of Noise Production 91 Early CVTs 94 5.3.

The Automatic Transmission: Diverging Car Cultures 97 The "Transmissionless" Ideal 99 5.4. Transmission Manufacturers and Automotive Production 100 Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen and Borg-Warner 101 European Refusal to Automate 101 Manual versus Automatic 103 5.5. Conclusions: Expectations and the Distant User 104 References 105 C H A P T E R 6 The Chassis: Getting Around the Corner 109 6.1. Introduction: Pre-Car Developments 109 Wheels and Brakes 110 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Teamransmission: Diverging Car Cultures 97 The "Transmissionless" Ideal 99 5.4.

Transmission Manufacturers and Automotive Production 100 Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen and Borg-Warner 101 European Refusal to Automate 101 Manual versus Automatic 103 5.5. Conclusions: Expectations and the Distant User 104 References 105 C H A P T E R 6 The Chassis: Getting Around the Corner 109 6.1. Introduction: Pre-Car Developments 109 Wheels and Brakes 110 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Teamransmission: Diverging Car Cultures 97 The "Transmissionless" Ideal 99 5.4. Transmission Manufacturers and Automotive Production 100 Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen and Borg-Warner 101 European Refusal to Automate 101 Manual versus Automatic 103 5.5.

Conclusions: Expectations and the Distant User 104 References 105 C H A P T E R 6 The Chassis: Getting Around the Corner 109 6.1. Introduction: Pre-Car Developments 109 Wheels and Brakes 110 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Teamransmission: Diverging Car Cultures 97 The "Transmissionless" Ideal 99 5.4. Transmission Manufacturers and Automotive Production 100 Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen and Borg-Warner 101 European Refusal to Automate 101 Manual versus Automatic 103 5.5. Conclusions: Expectations and the Distant User 104 References 105 C H A P T E R 6 The Chassis: Getting Around the Corner 109 6.1.

Introduction: Pre-Car Developments 109 Wheels and Brakes 110 Downloaded from SAE International by SAE Inte.