Preface ix Part I Qualifications of Tax?Exempt Organizations 1 Chapter 2 Qualifying Under IRC § 501(c)(3) 3 *§ 2.1 Organizational Test 3 *§ 2.2 Operational Test 3 Chapter 3 Churches 5 *§ 3.1 Types of Religious Organizations 5 § 3.2 Churches 5 Chapter 4 Charitable Organizations 7 § 4.2 Promotion of Social Welfare 7 *§ 4.3 Lessening Burdens of Government 7 *§ 4.6 Promotion of Health 9 Chapter 5 Educational, Scientific, and Literary Purposes, and Prevention of Cruelty to Children and Animals 21 § 5.
1 Educational Purposes 21 § 5.4 Testing for Public Safety 22 Chapter 6 Civic Leagues and Local Associations of Employees: § 501(c)(4) 23 § 6.1 Comparison of (c)(3) and (c)(4) Organizations 23 § 6.2 Qualifying and Nonqualifying Civic Organizations 24 § 6.4 Neighborhood and Homeowner''s Associations 26 *§ 6.5 Disclosures of Nondeductibility 26 *Chapter 7 Labor, Agricultural, and Horticultural Organizations: § 501(c)(5) 27 § 7.2 Agricultural Groups 27 Chapter 8 Business Leagues: § 501(c)(6) 29 § 8.2 Meaning of "Common Business Interest" 29 *§ 8.
3 Line of Business 29 *§ 8.4 Rendering Services for Members 30 Chapter 9 Social Clubs: § 501(c)(7) 33 § 9.1 Organizational Requirements and Characteristics 33 *§ 9.3 Membership Requirements 34 § 9.4 Revenue Tests 34 *§ 9.5 Unrelated Business Income Tax 35 Chapter 10 Instrumentalities of Government and Title?Holding Organizations 37 *§ 10.2 Governmental Units 37 § 10.3 Qualifying for § 501(c)(3) Status 38 Chapter 11 Public Charities 41 § 11.
1 Distinction between Public and Private Charities 41 *§ 11.2"Inherently Public Activity" and Broad Public Support: § 509(a)(1) 41 § 11.6 Supporting Organizations: § 509(a)(3) 45 Part II Standards for Private Foundations 57 Chapter 12 Private Foundations--General Concepts 59 *§ 12.2 Special Rules Pertaining to Private Foundations 59 *§ 12.4 Termination of Private Foundation Status 60 Chapter 13 Excise Tax Based on Investment Income: IRC § 4940 67 *§ 13.2 Capital Gains 67 Chapter 14 Self?Dealing: IRC § 4941 69 § 14.1 Definition of Self?Dealing 69 § 14.2 Sale, Exchange, or Lease of Property 70 *§ 14.
3 Loans 72 *§ 14.4 Compensation 73 *§ 14.5 Transactions That Benefit Disqualified Persons 75 § 14.7 Sharing Space, People, and Expenses 76 *§ 14.8 Indirect Deals 78 § 14.9 Property Held by Fiduciaries 78 *§ 14.10 Issues Once Self?Dealing Occurs 79 Chapter 15 Minimum Distribution Requirements: IRC § 4942 81 § 15.1 Assets Used to Calculate Minimum Investment Return 81 § 15.
2 Measuring Fair Market Value 82 § 15.4 Qualifying Distributions 82 § 15.6 Satisfying the Distribution Test 91 Chapter 16 Excess Business Holdings and Jeopardizing Investments: IRC §§ 4943 and 4944 95 § 16.1 Excess Business Holdings 95 § 16.2 Jeopardizing Investments 97 *§ 16.3 Program?Related Investments 98 § 16.4 Penalty Taxes 100 Chapter 17 Taxable Expenditures: IRC § 4945 103 *§ 17.1 Lobbying 103 *§ 17.
3 Grants to Individuals 104 *§ 17.4 Grants to Public Charities 109 *§ 17.5 Grants to Foreign Organizations 112 § 17.8 Excise Taxes Payable 113 Part III Obtaining and Maintaining Tax?Exempt Status 145 Chapter 18 IRS Filings, Procedures, and Policies 147 *§ 18.1 IRS Determination Process 147 § 18.2 Annual Filing of Forms 990 163 § 18.3 Reporting Organizational Changes to the IRS 170 § 18.4 Weathering an IRS Examination 170 § 18.
5 When an Organization Loses Its Tax?Exempt Status 171 Chapter 19 Maintaining Exempt Status 191 § 19.1 Checklists 191 Chapter 20 Private Inurement and Intermediate Sanctions 197 *§ 20.1 Defining Inurement 198 § 20.2 Salaries and Other Compensation 199 § 20.4 Finding Salary Statistics 199 § 20.8 Services Rendered for Individuals 200 § 20.10 Intermediate Sanctions 200 Chapter 21 Unrelated Business Income 201 § 21.1 IRS Scrutiny of Unrelated Business Income 201 *§ 21.
4 Definition of Trade or Business 202 § 21.5 What is Unrelated Business Income? 202 *§ 21.7 "Substantially Related" 203 *§ 21.8 Unrelated Activities 204 § 21.10 Income Modifications 207 *§ 21.11 Calculating and Minimizing Taxable Income 208 *§ 21.12 Debt?Financed Property 211 § 21.13 Museums 213 § 21.
15 Publishing 213 Chapter 23 Electioneering and Lobbying 215 § 23.1 Election Campaign Involvement 215 § 23.2 Voter Education versus Candidate Promotion 215 Chapter 24 Deductibility and Disclosures 217 *§ 24.1 Overview of Deductibility 217 *§ 24.2 Substantiation and Quid Pro Quo Rules 222 Chapter 25 Employment Taxes 223 *§ 25.2 Ministers 223 Index 229.