vii© 2024 SAE InternationalForeword xiiAcknowledgments xivIntroduction 1Defining Mass Production 2Modes of Production: Alternatives to Mass Production 4The Limitations of Mass Production in Wartime 5New Factories, New Machine Tools 6References 8C H A P T E R 1Building Aircraft Engines: 1929-1939 11Introduction 11Building Automobile Engines 12Characteristics of the Aircraft Engine 14Differences in Manufacturing Methods 16How an Aircraft Engine Was Built 21The Aircraft Engine Industry in the Interwar Period 27Bristol, Wright, and Pratt & Whitney 30The State of the Art in 1939: The Transformation inEngine Power 36Conclusion 38References 38ContentsContentsviiiC H A P T E R 2Building Nine-Cylinder Engines: The BristolMercury and Pegasus 45Introduction 45Organizing Production: The First Aircraft Engine Shadow Scheme 47The Factories 57The Production Record 64Production at the Shadow Factories 72How It Was Done: The Transition to Large-Scale Production 74Conclusion 76References 76C H A P T E R 3Building Nine-Cylinder Engines: The WrightR-1820 Cyclone 9 85Introduction 85Organizing Production 88The Factories 98The Studebaker Factories 101The Production Record 104How It Was Done: Building the Cyclone 9 at the Wright andStudebaker Factories 106Production Engineering at Wright Aeronautical 108Process Engineering at Wright 110Inspection and Quality Control 119How It Was Done at Studebaker 121Conclusion 126References 126Contents ixC H A P T E R 4Building 14-Cylinder Engines: The BristolHercules 137Introduction 137Organizing Production 140The Factories 144The Production Record 150How It Was Done: Building the Hercules Engine 157How It Was Done: Setting Up Quantity Production 161The Tools 165The Role of No. 1 Shadow Group 171Conclusion 171References 172C H A P T E R 5Building 14-Cylinder Engines: The Pratt &Whitney R-1830 Twin-Wasp and the WrightR-2600 Cyclone 14 179Introduction 179The Engines 181Organizing Production 183The Factories 188Pratt & Whitney Factories 188The Buick and Chevrolet Factories 190The Wright Lockland, Ohio Factory 192The Production Record 195The R-1830 Twin Wasp 195Wright R-2600 Cyclone 14 196How It Was Done: Building the Twin Wasp and the Cyclone 14 197Building the Twin Wasp in Hartford 197Building the Twin Wasp at Buick and Chevrolet 201Building the Cyclone 14 at the Wright Lockland Factory 205Conclusion 215References 216ContentsxC H A P T E R 6Building 18-Cylinder Engines: The Pratt &Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp, Wright R-3350Duplex Cyclone 18, and Bristol Centaurus 225Introduction 225The Engines 227Organizing Production 231The Factories 234The Wright Aeronautical Wood-Ridge Factory 234The Dodge-Chicago Factory 235The Pratt & Whitney Kansas City Factory 239The Ford Motor Company and Nash-KelvinatorCorporation Factories 240The Bristol Engine Factory and Hawthorn Shadow Factory 241The Production Record 242The Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp 242The Wright R-3350 Duplex Cyclone 18 244The Bristol Centaurus 245How It Was Done 246Building the Pratt & Whitney R-2800 246Building the Cyclone 18 at the Dodge-Chicago Factory 251Production Challenges at the Chicago Factory 256Building the R-3350 at the Wright Wood-Ridge Factory 258Building the Bristol Centaurus 258Conclusion 260References 261C H A P T E R 7Comparing American and British AircraftEngine Production 271Introduction 271Disparity of Resources 272Comparing Labor Productivity at American and BritishAircraft Engine Factories 274Factories and Machine Tools 283Contents xiThe Missions to Study Production 285Holley's Dilemma of Mass Production: Quantity versus Quality 289References 291Bibliography 295Index 327About the Author 333.