Table of ContentsPreface: A Personal IntroductionChapter 1. Introduction to Health and Behavior: A Systems Perspective Introduction to the Psychosocial Systems Perspective Illness versus Disease The Concept of Diathesis Health and Illness Occur in Complex Systems Von Bertalanffy''s Systems Perspective Brofenbrenner''s Ecosystems The Biopsychosocial Model Examples of Health and Illness and Levels of Complex Systems Individual Level DNACommunication Between Organ Systems: The Brain-Gut ConnectionPsychopathology and Health: The Rise and Fall of Psychosomatic Medicine Interpersonal Systems: Couples and Families The MesoSystem--Cultural Values and Religion Macrosystems Communities Changes in National Politics and EconomicsBeyond Macrosystems: Our Flat World--International Borders Dissolve Putting It Together: Ms. Ramirez Chapter 2. Research in Health and Behavior: Epidemiology and Beyond Epidemiology: An Overview Food-Borne Illness: Two Examples Example: Sexually Transmitted DiseaseEpidemiology: Key Concepts and Terminology Prevalence Incidence Exposure Risk Factors and the Diathesis-Stress Model Practical vs. Statistical Significance Neurocognitive Disorders of Alzheimer''s Type Screening for Breast Cancer HIV Self-Testing Epidemiology: Types of Investigatory Designs Case Reports Cross-Sectional Studies Case-Control Studies The "Radium Girls" Thalidomide Mesothelioma and Asbestos Cohort Study The Framingham Heart Study Cancer and Nutrition: The EPIC Cohort Social Epidemiology Causality and the Bradford Hill Criteria Evidence-Based Health CareOrganizing Published Research to Guide Clinical Decision-Making Issues and Cautions in Applying EBM Findings Evidence-Based Interventions in Larger SystemsChapter 3. The Health Care System: History and Current Dilemmas A History of Medical Care Hippocrates and Galen Medieval Period Through the Late 1600s Hospital Medicine Vaccines Germ Theory and the Continued Development of Vaccines Surgery Becomes Safer Educating Physicians The Development of Medicine as a Profession The Growth of Scientific Medicine Imaging Techniques Medical Devices to Supplant Physiological Functions Organ Transplantation MedicationsThe Consumer Movement and Challenges to the Health Care Professions Funding Influences Health Care Early Health Insurance in the U.S. The Rise of Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance The Rise of Managed Care Federal Health Insurance: Medicare and Medicaid Medicare Medicaid The Uninsured Federally Qualified Health Centers The Emergency Treatment and Active Labor Act Health Care Reform: The Background of the Affordable Care Act The Affordable Care Act Problems with the Affordable Care Act The U.

S. Health Care System: International Comparisons Switzerland Great Britain Canada International Health Care: Differences in Underlying Values ConclusionChapter 4. Diversity and Disparities in Health and Medical Care Disparities An Overview Economic Disparity and Health Educational Disparities and Health Gender Gender in Developed Countries Gender in Developing Countries Sexual Orientation Overview Health Risk BehaviorMental HealthInteractions with the Health Care SystemTransgendered and Gender Non-Conforming Youth and Adults Disparities by Race/Ethnicity The Evidence Pregnancy and Infancy Childhood Health Conditions Differences in Health Conditions Among Adults Discrimination Towards African-American Patients Risk Factors and Disease Complications Patterns and Quality of Care Physician-Patient Interaction Mortality Linguistic DiversityThe Role of Cultural and Historical Factors in Health, Illness, and Treatment American Medicine as CultureA Brief History of Health Care for African-Americans in the United StatesHispanic and Latino Culture and Health CareAsian Culture: Views of Health and Treatment of Illness Conclusion Chapter 5. Health Communication and Behavior Brief Overview of Health Communication and Behavior ChangeMacro-Level Models of Health Behavior Change Health Beliefs Model Susceptibility Severity Benefits Barriers Cues to Action Self-efficacy Analysis of the Health Beliefs Model Does Fear Change Health Behavior ? Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior (TRA/TPB) Behavioral Intention Attitudes Subjective Norms Perceived Control TRA/TPB: Analysis and Research Social Cognitive Model Example of Applied Modeling: Telenovelas Social MarketingIndividually Focused Models of Behavior Change Transtheoretical Model Relapse Prevention Relapse Risk Factors Abstinence Violation Effect Problems with the Abstinence Standard Relapse Prevention Strategies Motivational Interviewing Philosophy of Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing: Specific Skills Harm Reduction Cyber Media and Health Behavior Change ConclusionChapter 6. In the Clinic: Communication, Adherence, and Symptoms without Disease Introduction What is Primary Care ? The Importance of the Clinical Interview Overview of the Medical Office EncounterThe Difference between Good- and Poor-Quality Physician-Patient InteractionElectronic Medical Records: Benefits and DrawbacksValues of Patients and Health Care ProvidersCommunicating Medical MistakesMedically Unexplained SymptomsThe Psychiatric Approach to Medically Unexplained Symptoms Malingering Factitious Disorder Conversion Disorder Illness Anxiety Disorder Somatic Symptom DisorderMedically Unexplained Symptoms in the Primary Care OfficeCultural IssuesThe Medicalization of SocietyAdherenceAn Overview of the Problem of Non-AdherencePatient FactorsHealth Care Professionals'' Communication Style and Patient Adherence Physician Social Power and Adherence Timing and Modality Does Fear Increase Adherence Characteristics of the Illness and TreatmentSocial SupportInterventions for Increasing Adherence Mobile "Apps" for AdherenceAdherence as the Result of a Complex Biopsychosocial DecisionThe Macro System''s Role in Adherence A Vaccination Program Arouses Suspicion Making Health a Requirement for Employment Economic Causes of Non-AdherenceConclusionChapter 7. Stress and CopingWhat is Stress ? Walter Cannon and the Fight-or-Flight Response Hans Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome Allostatic Load Psychoneuroimmunology Tend and Befriend Transactional ModelAssessing Stress Perceived Stress Scale Social Readjustment Rating Scale Hassles and UpliftsMediators and Moderators of Stress Characteristics of the Stressor Coping Styles History of Exposure to Stressors Personality TraitsDoes Stress Cause Physical Illness ? Cardiovascular Disease, The Type A Personality, and Depression Cardiovascular Disease and Anxiety and Depression Hypertension CancerThe Macro System Environmental Factors Couples and Relationship Conflict Workplace Community Social and Economic Costs of Early Traumatic ExperienceDiversity Gender Stress Across CulturesSpecific Strategies for Stress Reduction Progressive Relaxation Autogenic Training Biofeedback Meditation Transcendental Meditation Benson''s Relaxation Response Mindfulness Meditation Cognitive Intervention Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Journaling: Writing to Manage Stress Positive Psychology Background Positive Psychology InterventionsChapter 8. Chronic Pain as a Psychosocial Condition: Causes, Consequences, and Treatment Pain Defined When does Pain Become Chronic ? Chronic Pain-A Brief History Common Pain-Related Disorders Fibromyalgia Low Back Pain Headache CancerExplanations of Chronic Pain Operant Model Cognitive Perspectives Gate Control Model Neuromatrix Model Pain as a Social Metaphor Pain and the Workplace Cultural Aspects of Pain The Macro System: The Politics of Chronic Pain and its Treatment Pain, the Work Ethic, and the Politics of Disability The Politics of Gate Control Theory Intractable Pain and Physician-Assisted Suicide Pain as a Fifth Vital Sign and the Rise of OpiatesAssessment of Pain Rating Scales Pain Diary Clinical Interview for PainChronic Pain: Treatment Approaches Surgery Implantable Spinal Stimulators Medications Trans-Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Acupuncture Physical Therapy Behavioral and Psychological Approaches Behavioral Approaches to Treatment Progressive Relaxation Training Biofeedback Hypnosis Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Third Wave Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Multidisciplinary Pain Programs ConclusionChapter 9. Smoking and Smoking CessationHealth Risks of Smoking and Tobacco UseHistory of Cigarette SmokingDemographics of SmokingSmoking Initiation Mental Health Conditions and SmokingThe Macro-System: Public Health, The Tobacco Industry, and Tobacco Control Policies Tobacco Taxes and Related Legislation Public Education The Tobacco Industry Mental Illness and Tobacco Use Ethnicity, Culture, and Smoking Smoking Cessation--Common Issues Background for Smoking Cessation Assessment Nicotine Withdrawal Interventions for Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy Cognitive and Behavioral Strategies Stages and Successful Smoking Cessation Strategies Preparation ActionVaping and e-CigarettesConclusionChapter 10.

Obesity, Exercise, and Eating Disorders Introduction Obesity''s Role in Health and Illness Risk Factors for Being Overweight Body Weight, Stereotypes, and Discrimination Weight Loss Interventions Low Calorie Diets Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Approaches Weight Loss Medication Bariatric Surgery The Macro System Cultural Factors in Food Consumption: The French Paradox The Food Industry Policies for Increasing Nutritional Awareness Sugar Taxes Marketing and Economic Factors Exercise A Brief Historical Perspective Exercise and Mental Health Exercise and Cognitive FunctioningDevelopmental Benefits of Exercise for Prevention of Mental Health ConditionsMacro Systems and Physical Activity Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Physical and Medical Effects Comorbid Conditions Course over Time Causes Treatment Bulimia Nervosa Psychological and Physical Effects Comorbid Conditions Course over Time Causes Treatment Binge Eating Disorder Eating Disorders: Immediate Social and Macro System Influences Family and Social Factors M.