This is the dramatic history of the deportation and death of millions of Muslims in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from areas that have remained centres of conflict -- the Balkans, the Middle East, and what was the Soviet Union -- and shows how these conflicts developed. The history of the expansion of the Russian Empire and the creation of new nations in the Balkans have traditionally been told from the standpoint of the Christian nations that were carved from the Ottoman Empire. Death and Exile tells the story from the standpoint of the Turks and other Muslims who suffered death and exile as a result of imperialism, nationalism, and ethnic conflict. The compelling story that unfolds in the book deepens our perspective on the history of the peoples of the Middle East and the Balkans and presents a framework for understanding modern developments in the region.