Volume 1 Preface xxiii 1 Introduction: The Future of Carbon Materials - The Industrial Perspective 1 Hubert Jäger, Wilhelm Frohs, and Tilo Hauke 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Traditional Carbon and Graphite Materials 2 1.3 Modern Application of Carbon Materials 12 1.4 Future Application of Carbon Materials 18 1.5 Conclusion 20 2 The Element Carbon 21 Wilhelm Frohs and Hubert Jäger 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Diamond 28 2.

3 Graphite 28 2.4 Non-graphitic Carbon 29 2.5 Carbyne and Chaoite 29 2.6 Nanoforms of Carbon 30 References 30 Further Reading 31 3 History of Carbon Materials 33 Gerd Collin 3.1 Origin of Elemental Carbon 33 3.2 Formation and Economic Development of Natural Diamonds 34 3.3 Formation and Use of Natural Graphite 34 3.4 History of Charcoal from Wood and Coke from Coal 35 3.

5 History of Carbon Black 35 3.6 History of Activated Carbon 38 3.7 Development of Synthetic Graphite 38 3.8 Development of Synthetic Diamonds 39 3.9 Development of Carbon Fibers 39 3.10 Discovery and Inventions of Nanocarbons: Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Graphene 40 References 42 4 Recommended Terminology for the Description of Carbon as a Solid (© 1995 IUPAC) 45 E. Fitzer, K.-H.

Köchling, H.P. Böhm, and H. Marsh List of Terms 45 Description of the Terms 48 Acetylene Black 48 Description 48 Notes 48 Acheson Graphite 48 Description 48 Notes 48 Activated Carbon 49 Description 49 Notes 49 Activated Charcoal 49 Description 49 Agranular Carbon 49 Description 49 Notes 49 Amorphous Carbon 49 Description 49 Notes 50 Artificial Graphite 50 Description 50 Notes 50 Baking 50 Description 50 Binder 50 Description 50 Binder Coke 51 Description 51 Notes 51 Brooks and Taylor Structure in the Carbonaceous Mesophase 51 Description 51 Notes 51 Bulk Mesophase 51 Description 51 Notes 52 Calcined Coke 52 Description 52 Notes 52 Carbon 52 Description 52 Notes 52 Carbon Artifact 52 Description 52 Notes 52 Carbon Black 53 Description 53 Notes 53 Carbon-Carbon Composite 53 Description 53 Carbon Cenospheres 53 Description 53 Carbon Cloth 53 Description 53 Notes 54 Carbon Electrode 54 Description 54 Notes 54 Carbon Felt 54 Description 54 Notes 54 Carbon Fiber 54 Description 54 Notes 55 Carbon Fiber Fabrics 55 Description 55 Carbon Fibers Type HM 55 Description 55 Notes 55 Carbon Fibers Type HT 55 Description 55 Notes 56 Carbon Fibers Type IM 56 Description 56 Notes 56 Carbon Fibers Type LM (Low Modulus) 56 Description 56 Notes 56 Carbon Fibers Type UHM 57 Description 57 Carbon Material 57 Description 57 Notes 57 Carbon Mix 57 Description 57 Carbon Whiskers 57 Description 57 Carbonaceous Mesophase 57 Description 57 Notes 58 Carbonization 58 Description 58 Notes 58 Catalytic Graphitization 58 Description 58 Notes 58 Char 59 Description 59 Notes 59 Charcoal 59 Description 59 Notes 59 Coal-Derived Pitch Coke 59 Description 59 Notes 59 Coal-Tar Pitch 60 Description 60 Notes 60 Coalification 60 Description 60 Notes 60 Coke 60 Description 60 Notes 60 Coke Breeze 61 Description 61 Colloidal Carbon 61 Description 61 Notes 61 Delayed Coke 61 Description 61 Notes 61 Delayed Coking Process 61 Description 61 Notes 62 Diamond 62 Description 62 Notes 62 Diamond by CVD 62 Description 62 Notes 62 Diamond-Like Carbon Films 63 Description 63 Notes 63 Electrographite 63 Description 63 Exfoliated Graphite 63 Description 63 Notes 64 Fibrous Activated Carbon 64 Description 64 Notes 64 Fibrous Carbon 64 Description 64 Filamentous Carbon 64 Description 64 Notes 64 Filler 65 Description 65 Filler Coke 65 Description 65 Notes 65 Fluid Coke 65 Description 65 Notes 65 Fullerenes 66 Description 66 Notes 66 Furnace Black 66 Description 66 Notes 66 Gas-Phase-Grown Carbon Fibers 66 Description 66 Notes 66 Glass-Like Carbon 67 Description 67 Notes 67 Granular Carbon 67 Description 67 Notes 67 Graphene Layer 67 Description 67 Notes 68 Graphite 68 Description 68 Notes 68 Graphite Electrode 68 Description 68 Graphite Fibers 68 Description 68 Notes 69 Graphite Material 69 Description 69 Notes 69 Graphite Whiskers 69 Description 69 Notes 69 GRAPHITIC CARBON 70 Description 70 Notes 70 Graphitizable Carbon 70 Description 70 Notes 70 Graphitization 70 Description 70 Notes 70 Graphitization Heat Treatment 71 Description 71 Notes 71 Graphitized Carbon 71 Description 71 Notes 71 Green Coke 71 Description 71 Notes 72 Hard Amorphous Carbon Films 72 Description 72 Hexagonal Graphite 72 Description 72 Notes 72 High-Pressure Graphitization 72 Description 72 Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite 73 Description 73 Notes 73 Isotropic Carbon 73 Description 73 Notes 73 Isotropic Pitch-Based Carbon Fibers 73 Description 73 Notes 73 Lamp Black 74 Description 74 Mesogenic Pitch 74 Description 74 Mesophase Pitch 74 Description 74 Notes 74 Mesophase Pitch-Based Carbon Fibers 74 Description 74 Metallurgical Coke 75 Description 75 Notes 75 Microporous Carbon 75 Description 75 Notes 75 MPP-Based Carbon Fibers 75 Description 75 Natural Graphite 75 Description 75 Notes 76 Needle Coke 76 Description 76 Notes 76 Non-graphitic Carbon 76 Description 76 Notes 76 Non-graphitizable Carbon 77 Description 77 Notes 77 Nuclear Graphite 77 Description 77 Notes 77 Pan-Based Carbon Fibers 77 Description 77 Particulate Carbon 78 Description 78 Notes 78 Petroleum Coke 78 Description 78 Notes 78 Petroleum Pitch 78 Description 78 Notes 78 Pitch 79 Description 79 Notes 79 Pitch-Based Carbon Fibers 79 Description 79 Notes 79 Polycrystalline Graphite 79 Description 79 Notes 80 Polygranular Carbon 80 Description 80 Notes 80 Polygranular Graphite 80 Description 80 Notes 80 Premium Coke 81 Description 81 Notes 81 Puffing 81 Description 81 Notes 81 Puffing Inhibitor 81 Description 81 Notes 81 Pyrolytic Carbon 82 Description 82 Notes 82 Pyrolytic Graphite 82 Description 82 Notes 82 Raw Coke 82 Description 82 Notes 83 Rayon-Based Carbon Fibers 83 Description 83 Notes 83 Regular Coke 83 Description 83 Notes 83 Rhombohedral Graphite 84 Description 84 Notes 84 Semicoke 84 Description 84 Notes 84 Soot 84 Description 84 Notes 85 Spherical Carbonaceous Mesophase 85 Description 85 Stabilization Treatment of Thermoplastic Precursor Fibers for Carbon Fibers 85 Description 85 Notes 85 Stress Graphitization 85 Description 85 Notes 86 Synthetic Graphite 86 Description 86 Notes 86 Thermal Black 86 Description 86 References 86 5 Graphite 89 Otto Vohler, Ferdinand von Sturm, Erhard Wege, and Wilhelm Frohs 5.1 Graphite Single Crystal 89 5.2 Natural Graphite 94 5.2.1 Occurrence and Properties 94 5.

3 Synthetic Graphite 95 References 101 Further Reading 103 6 Industrial Carbons 105 6.1 Introduction to Polygranular Carbon and Graphite Materials 106 References 106 6.1.1 Polygranular Carbon and Graphite Materials 107 Hubert Jäger, Wilhelm Frohs, Ferdinand von Sturm, Otto Vohler, and Erhard Wege 6.1.1.1 The Relevance of Raw Materials 107 6.1.

1.1.1 Petroleum Coke 109 6.1.1.1.2 Coal-Tar Pitch Coke 113 6.1.

1.1.3 Anthracite 114 6.1.1.1.4 Binder Materials 115 6.1.

1.1.4.1 Coal-Tar Pitch 115 6.1.1.1.4.

2 Petroleum Pitch 117 6.1.1.1.4.3 Thermosetting Resins 119 References 120 Further Reading 121 6.1.2 Petroleum Coke 122 Heinrich Predel and Srini Srivatsan 6.

1.2.1 Introduction 122 6.1.2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties 122 6.1.2.

2.1 Physical Properti.