Preface to the 3rd Edition Preface to the 2nd Edition Preface to the 1st Edition Acknowledgements for the 3rd Edition Acknowledgements for the 2nd Edition Acknowledgements for the 1st Edition Acronyms and Abbreviations 1 Hormone and Receptor Structure and Function 1.1 Introduction What is a hormone? Why are hormones necessary? How do hormones function? What effects are due to hormones? How is hormone action selective? Types of hormones Location of endocrine glands 1.2 Synthesis, Release and Metabolism of Hormones Synthesis of protein hormones Synthesis of steroid hormones Synthesis of eicosanoids Synthesis of thyroid hormones Synthesis of monoamines Hormone release Metabolism and excretion of hormones 1.3 Receptors and Hormone Action Extracellular receptors G protein-coupled receptors GPCR structure and function GPCR signalling pathways Adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase A pathway Calcium-dependent phospholipase C-protein kinase C system Interaction of cAMP and Ca2+ pathways Catalytic receptors Tyrosine kinase receptors Cytokine receptors Receptor serine/threonine kinase MAPK system Termination of hormone action Intracellular receptors Nuclear receptor superfamily classification Structural and functional domains of nuclear receptors N-terminal domain (NTD) DNA-binding domain (DBD) Hinge region Ligand-binding domain (LBD) Nuclear receptor-DNA interactions Organization of nuclear chromatin Chromatin structure Nuclear matrix Identification of DNA regulatory sequences and binding proteins Integration of peptide and steroid hormone actions 1.4 Pituitary-Hypothalamic Integration of Hormone Action Structure-function relationship of pituitary and hypothalamus Posterior pituitary hormones Anterior pituitary hormones Hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting hormones Control of hormone release Summary: Multiple levels of regulation of endocrine systems Questions for Study and Discussion Further Reading 2 Endocrine Methodologies 2.1 Methods for Studying Endocrine Function Introduction Experimental model systems Whole-animal model Isolated organs or tissues In vitro models Cell culture systems Use of agonists, antagonists and inhibitors Use of antibodies Immune response Detection and purification of antibodies Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies Use of antibodies to identify the site of hormone synthesis or target tissue 2.2 Measurement of Hormones and Receptors Assay of hormones Types of hormone assays Bioassays Immunoassays Chemical assays Liquid chromatography Gas chromatography Electrophoresis Measurements of hormone-receptor binding 2.3 Methods for the Production of Hormones Steroids and non-protein hormones Protein and peptide hormones Determination of amino acid sequence Peptide and protein synthesis Non-peptide mimics of peptides Production of recombinant proteins 2.

4 Manipulation of Endocrine Function Introduction Hormone delivery methods Types of sustained-release devices Pulsatile and controlled release of hormone Hormone residues Immunomodulation of hormone action Transgenic animals Uses for transgenic animals Production of transgenic animals Questions for Study and Discussion Further Reading 3 Manipulation of Growth and Carcass Composition 3.1 Overview Effects on growth, feed efficiency and lean yield Muscle development Adipose tissue development Bone development 3.2 Anabolic Steroids and Analogues Applications of anabolic steroids Mechanism of action Direct effects Indirect effects Delivery systems Safety issues 3.3 Use of Intact (Uncastrated) Male Pigs for Pork Production Advantages and problems of intact male pigs Effects of sex steroid hormones Description of boar taint Measurement of boar taint Use of tainted meat in processed products Metabolism of androstenone and skatole Potential methods to control boar taint Diet and management Genetic approaches Immunological methods 3.4 Somatotrophin Applications of ST Control of ST release Mechanism of action of ST Direct effects ST receptors Metabolic effects Indirect effects Delivery/dose effects Safety/quality aspects 3.5 Adipokines Leptin Leptin receptors Involvement in energy metabolism and reproduction Applications Adiponectin Resistin Inflammatory cytokines Irisin 3.6 Thyroid Hormones Synthesis and metabolism Transporters and receptors Metabolic effects Effects on growth and development Applications 3.7 β-Adrenergic Agonists Mechanism of action β-AA structures β-AA receptors Physiological responses to β-AA Delivery/dose Safety aspects Alternative approaches for using growth promoters 3.

8 Dietary Chromium and Insulin Insulin Glucagon Potential mechanisms of action of chromium Physiological effects Dose Safety issues 3.9 Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Mechanism of action Linoleic acid, linolenic acid and γ-linolenic acid Applications Trans fatty acids Conjugated linoleic acid Metabolic effects of CLA isomers Mechanism of action of CLA 3.10 Regulation of Food Intake Introduction Central nervous system hormones Orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides: NPY and AgRP Anorexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides: POMC/MSH and CART Downstream pathway: orexin and MCH Gastrointestinal tract hormones Ghrelin and obestatin Cholecystokinin Proglucagon-derived peptides Peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide Peripheral signals of adiposity Applications of dietary control 3.11 The Gut Microbiome and Antimicrobials The gut microbiome Effects on animal production and health Bacterial metabolites act as paracrine or endocrine factors Evaluation of the composition of the microbiome Factors affecting the composition and function of the microbiome Antimicrobial growth promoters Alternative feed additives to AGPs Practical applications Control of methane production in ruminants Control of post-weaning diarrhoea in pigs Use in poultry 3.12 Effects of Stress on Meat Quality Pale, soft, exudative (PSE) and dark, firm, dry (DFD) meat Porcine stress syndrome Testing for PSS Endocrine factors that affect PSS pigs and PSE pork Manipulations to reduce the incidence of PSE Summary and Conclusions Questions for Study and Discussion Further Reading 4 Endocrine Effects on Animal Products 4.1 Mammary Gland Development and Milk Production Introduction Model systems for studying mammary gland function Whole-animal studies In vitro cell culture systems Mammary gland development (mammogenesis) Involution and the dry period Hormones and mammary gland development Hormones and initiation of lactogenesis Maintenance of lactation (galactopoiesis) Hormonal effects Milk removal Effect of bST Mechanism of action Delivery Safety concerns of bST use Factors affecting milk composition Milk protein Milk fat Other bioactive compounds in milk Metabolic diseases related to lactation Ketosis Milk fever Hormones involved Predisposing factors Treatment and prevention 4.2 Egg Production Sexual development and gonadogenesis Hormonal effects Genetic effects Regulation of follicular development and egg production Application Manipulation of moulting Endocrine effects Applications Eggshell formation Shell matrix Calcium metabolism Calcium absorption in the intestine Calcium transport in bone Calcium transport in the shell gland Applications 4.3 Wool Production and Endocrine Defleecing Skin as an endocrine organ Wool growth Defleecing methods Model systems used to study function of follicles Growth factor effects on hair and wool follicles Insulin-like growth factors Fibroblast growth factors Transforming growth factor-β EGF family of growth factors EGF receptor Effects of EGF on follicles Other effects of EGF Summary of growth factors affecting fibre growth Questions for Study and Discussion Further Reading 5 Endocrine Manipulation of Reproduction 5.

1 Manipulation of Reproduction in Mammals Sexual differentiation and maturation Differentiation of the gonads and ducts Differentiation of the brain Sex differentiation in cattle, sheep and pigs Sex-determining genes Regulation of meiosis in germ cells Regulation of steroidogenesis Regulation of the oestrous cycle Overview of the oestrous cycle Follicular development Oestrus and ovulation Luteal phase Manipulation of the oestrous cycle Hormone preparations for manipulating reproduction Use of hormone agonists to contro.