Preface Part One BASICS Chapter 1. The Power of Critical Thinking WHY IT MATTERS HOW IT WORKS Claims and Reasons Reasons and Arguments Arguments in the Rough KEY WORDS SUMMARY EXERCISES FIELD PROBLEMS SELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZ WRITING ASSIGNMENTS Chapter 2. Obstacles to Critical Thinking ALL HAIL THE SELF ALL HAIL MY GROUP THE TOUGHEST MENTAL OBSTACLES Denying Contrary Evidence Looking for Confirming Evidence Motivated Reasoning Preferring Available Evidence YOUR BRAIN ON SOCIAL MEDIA Mere Exposure Effect Illusion-of-Truth Effect False Consensus Effect The Dunning-Kruger Effect PHILOSOPHICAL OBSTACLES Subjective Relativism Social Relativism Skepticism KEY WORDS SUMMARY EXERCISES FIELD PROBLEMS SELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZ INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES WRITING ASSIGNMENTS Chapter 3. Making Sense of Arguments ARGUMENT BASICS EXERCISE JUDGING ARGUMENTS EXERCISES FINDING MISSING PARTS EXERCISE ARGUMENT PATTERNS EXERCISES DIAGRAMMING ARGUMENTS EXERCISES ASSESSING LONG ARGUMENTS EXERCISES KEY WORDS SUMMARY FIELD PROBLEMS SELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZ INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES WRITING ASSIGNMENTS Part Two REASONS Chapter 4. Reasons for Belief and Doubt WHEN CLAIMS CONFLICT EXPERTS AND NONEXPERTS PERSONAL EXPERIENCE Impairment Expectation Innumeracy and Probability KEY WORDS SUMMARY EXERCISES FIELD PROBLEMS SELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZ INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES WRITING ASSIGNMENTS Chapter 5. Media Manipulation: Fake News, Bias, and Advertising FAKE NEWS Telling Fake from Real MEDIA BIAS Objectivity and Bias Opinion, Analysis, Advocacy Liberal and Conservative Bias ADVERTISING How Advertising Works Internet Advertising Political Advertising KEY WORDS SUMMARY EXERCISES FIELD PROBLEM SELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZ INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES WRITING ASSIGNMENTS Chapter 6. Fallacies and Persuaders FALLACIES: IRRELEVANT PREMISES Genetic Fallacy Composition Division Appeal to the Person Equivocation Appeal to Popularity Appeal to Tradition Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Emotion Red Herring Straw Man Two Wrongs Make a Right FALLACIES: UNACCEPTABLE PREMISES Begging the Question False Dilemma Decision-Point Fallacy Slippery Slope Hasty Generalization Faulty Analogy PERSUADERS: RHETORICAL MOVES Innuendo Euphemisms and Dysphemisms Stereotyping Ridicule Rhetorical Definitions KEY WORDS SUMMARY EXERCISES FIELD PROBLEMS SELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZ INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES WRITING ASSIGNMENTS Part Three ARGUMENTS Chapter 7. Deductive Reasoning: Propositional Logic CONNECTIVES AND TRUTH VALUES Conjunction Disjunction Negation Conditional EXERCISES CHECKING FOR VALIDITY Simple Arguments Tricky Arguments Streamlined Evaluation EXERCISES PROOF OF VALIDITY Rules of Inference Rules of Replacement EXERCISES KEY WORDS SUMMARY FIELD PROBLEMS SELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZ INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES WRITING ASSIGNMENTS Chapter 8.
Deductive Reasoning: Categorical Logic STATEMENTS AND CLASSES EXERCISES TRANSLATIONS AND STANDARD FORM Terms Quantifiers EXERCISES DIAGRAMMING CATEGORICAL STATEMENTS EXERCISES SIZING UP CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS EXERCISES THE SQUARE OF OPPOSITION CATEGORICAL EQUIVALENCE EXERCISES KEY WORDS SUMMARY FIELD PROBLEMS SELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZ INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES WRITING ASSIGNMENTS Chapter 9. Inductive Reasoning ENUMERATIVE INDUCTION Sample Size Representativeness Opinion Polls EXERCISES ANALOGICAL INDUCTION Relevant Similarities Relevant Dissimilarities The Number of Instances Compared Diversity among Cases EXERCISES CAUSAL ARGUMENTS Testing for Causes Causal Confusions Necessary and Sufficient Conditions EXERCISES KEY WORDS SUMMARY FIELD PROBLEMS SELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZ INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES WRITING ASSIGNMENTS Part Four EXPLANATIONS Chapter 10. Inference to the Best Explanation EXPLANATIONS AND INFERENCE EXERCISES THEORIES AND CONSISTENCY THEORIES AND CRITERIA Testability Fruitfulness Scope Simplicity Conservatism EXERCISES TELLING GOOD THEORIES FROM BAD A Doomed Flight An Amazing Cure EXERCISES KEY WORDS SUMMARY FIELD PROBLEMS SELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZ INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES WRITING ASSIGNMENTS Chapter 11. Judging Scientific Theories SCIENCE AND NOT SCIENCE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TESTING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES JUDGING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES Copernicus versus Ptolemy Evolution versus Creationism EXERCISES SCIENCE AND WEIRD THEORIES MAKING WEIRD MISTAKES Leaping to the Weirdest Theory Mixing What Seems with What Is Misunderstanding the Possibilities JUDGING WEIRD THEORIES Crop Circles Talking with the Dead EXERCISES SUMMARY FIELD PROBLEMS SELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZ INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES WRITING ASSIGNMENTS Chapter 12. Critical Thinking in Morality MORAL ARGUMENTS MORAL PREMISES MORAL THEORIES Evaluating Moral Theories Two Important Theories A COHERENT WORLDVIEW KEY WORDS SUMMARY EXERCISES FIELD PROBLEMS SELF-ASSESSMENT QUIZ INTEGRATIVE EXERCISES WRITING ASSIGNMENTS APPENDIX A The Truth About Philosophy Majors APPENDIX B Essays for Evaluation Essay 1 Death Penalty Discriminates against Black Crime Victims Essay 2 Marine Parks Essay 3 A Feminist Defense of Pornography Essay 4 A Defense of Homosexuality Essay 5 More Innocents Die When We Don''t Have Capital Punishment Essay 6 What''s Wrong with Adultery? Essay 7 A Pat-Down Is Better Than a Blow-Up Essay 8 The Cohabitation Epidemic Essay 9 Not Being Vaccinated Is Not Acceptable Essay 10 Women and the Afghanistan Peace Process Essay 11 A Deviance from God''s Norm Essay 12 Marriage Still Evolving, as Ever Essay 13 Slouching toward Chimeras Essay 14 Fighting Islamic Extremists Who Stifle Free Speech Essay 15 Is Sluttishness a Feminist Statement? Essay 16 Torture: Time for Congress to End the Debate Essay 17 Torture: Severe Interrogations Work Essay 18 Freedom of Expression: Protect Student Speech-Even "Unwise" Bong Banner Essay 19 Freedom of Expression: Policy Reflects Common Sense Essay 20 It''s Irresponsible to Spread Fear of Vaccine Essay 21 Flag Amendment: Flag Needs Protection APPENDIX C Answers to Exercises APPENDIX D Answers to Self-Assessment Quizzes APPENDIX E Critical Thinking and Writing NOTES GLOSSARY CREDITS INDEX.