Foreword: The case for a confederal Europe 1. Laboratories of differentiation and the Nordic region Part 1: Economic and social issues 2. The economics behind the Directive on adequate minimum wages in the EU: Why differentiated integration is a better option 3. Nordic pension systems in a European differentiated integration perspective 4. The euro area's favourite outsiders: Denmark and Sweden as laboratories for cooperative euro outsiderness in the EU PART 2: Politics and administration 5. Differentiated representation of Nordic staff in the EU institutions 6. Differentiated alignment and Nordic cooperation in security and defence: The case of Swedish and Norwegian air forces 7. The issue of migration in the Danish referendum on the Justice and Home Affairs opt-out: Opting out from what? 8.

Differentiated (dis)integration of preferences: Norm selectivity of stakeholders with respect to the EU's Arctic Strategy PART 3: International conventions and law 9. Alternative integration as a stumbling block for the governance of patents in the EU 10. The European Court of Human Rights: How Nordic legal pragmatism can promote European integration by allowing for more differentiation 11. The EEA-agreement: A vehicle for differentiated integration 12. Conclusions: Experimentation and differentiation in the Nordic region.