Preface A Note to Students Chapter 1 The Subject of History and How to Use It What History Can Tell You How Historians Work How Historians Think about History Causation Continuity and Change Contextualization Examining Historical Evidence Historical Interpretation Approaches to History Philosophies of History Historiography Fields of Historical Research How You Can Use Your History Skills Public History The Private Sector Chapter 2 Succeeding in Your History Class Keeping Up with Reading Assignments Navigating a Textbook Reading a Textbook Taking Notes in Class Guidelines for Taking Lecture Notes From Class Lectures and Presentations From Multimedia Presentations Guidelines for Taking Notes on Media Presentations Taking Exams Guidelines for Writing In-Class Essay Exams Objective and Short-Answer Exams Example of a Short-Answer Question Example of an Identification Question Example of a Multiple-Choice Question In-Class Essay Exams Composing Sample Questions Taking the Test Take-Home Essay Exams The Dangers of Plagiarism Classroom Participation Classroom Discussions Oral Presentations Guidelines for Speaking in Class Guidelines for Giving an Oral Presentation Creating Media Presentations Group Work Guidelines for Peer Reviewing Interactive Course Content Cooperative Learning Chapter 3 Working with Different Types of Historical Evidence Primary Sources Secondary Sources When a Secondary Source Becomes a Primary Source Accessing Sources of Evidence in Print, in Person, and Online Reading Written Sources Guidelines for Working with Written Sources Primary Texts Scholarly Articles Guidelines for Identifying Scholarly Articles Monographs Anthologies Literature Reading Nonwritten Sources Maps Guidelines for Interpreting Nonwritten Sources Statistical Data Illustrations, Photographs, and Other Visual Material Sound and Video Recordings Artifacts Chapter 4 Evaluating and Interpreting Historical Evidence Evaluating Sources Evaluating Secondary Sources Reviewing Secondary Sources for Basic Information Guidelines for Evaluating Secondary Sources Reading Secondary Sources for Signs of Bias Evaluating Primary Sources Written Primary Sources Guidelines for Evaluating Written Primary Sources Nonwritten Primary Sources Guidelines for Evaluating Nonwritten Primary Sources Special Problems of Evaluating Web-Based Sources Evaluating Material Found on WebSites Guidelines for Evaluating Websites Guidelines for Evaluating Material Found on Websites Documenting Web-Based Sources Interpreting Sources and Taking Notes Reading Your Sources Summarizing and Paraphrasing without Plagiarizing Summarizing Your Sources Paraphrasing Your Sources Quoting without Plagiarizing Organizing Your Notes Taking Notes on Note Cards Taking Notes on a Computer Photocopying, Downloading, or Printing Sources Avoiding Plagiarism Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism Plagiarism and Internet Sources Plagiarism and Group Work Chapter 5 Writing Assignments: From Source Analysis to Comparative Critiques Writing about Primary Sources Single-Source Analysis Comparative Analysis Writing about Secondary Sources Book Reviews Guidelines for Writing a Book Review Article Critiques Comparative Reviews and Critiques How to Organize a Short Essay Chapter 6 Building a History Essay: From Thesis to Conclusion Why Clear Writing Is Important Preparing to Write The Problem of Organization Examining Sources Drafting a Thesis Statement Creating a Writing Outline Drafting Your Essay A Clear Introduction A Cohesive Body Sentences: The Building Blocks of Writing Cohesive, Connected Paragraphs A Meaningful Conclusion Revising Your Essay Guidelines for Revising Your Essay Proofreading Your Essay The Danger of Plagiarism Chapter 7 Conducting Research in History Beginning the Research Process Choosing a Topic Guidelines for the Research Process Narrowing Your Topic Formulating a Research Question Debatable Questions Narrow Questions Significant Questions Researchable Questions Developing a Thesis Planning a Research Strategy Budgeting Your Time and Staying Focused Keeping an Open Mind Maintaining a Working Bibliography Conducting Research Using the Library''s Online Catalog The Art of Searching Searching by Subject or by Keyword Searching by Author and by Title Locating Materials by Using Call Numbers Using Print and Electronic Reference Works The Problem of Wikipedia Guidelines on the use of Wikipedia: Possible Dangers Atlases, Dictionaries, and Encyclopedias Subject Bibliographies Using Print and Electronic Periodical Databases Locating Articles in Scholarly Journals Guidelines for Using Periodical Databases Locating Articles in Magazines and Newspapers Searching for Primary Sources Primary Sources in Published Collections Primary Sources in Museum Archives Primary Sources on the Web Interviews as Primary Sources Using Internet Search Tools Searching Efficiently Previewing Search Results Chapter 8 Writing a Research Paper Asserting Your Thesis Why Your Paper Needs a Thesis What Makes a Thesis Effective Guidelines for Developing an Effective Thesis Organizing Your Evidence with a Writing Outline Writing the Text The Rough Draft Clear Writing: A Matter of Continuity Quotations: When and How to Use Them When to Quote Sources Directly How to Format Quotations Incorporating Visual Materials into Your Paper Guidelines for Incorporating Visuals When to Use Footnotes and Endnotes Revising and Rewriting Guidelines for Revising and Rewriting Chapter 9 Example of a Research Paper A Sample Research Paper How the Thesis Was Developed The Writing Outline for the Paper Formatting a Research Paper Sample Student Research Paper Chapter 10 Documenting Your Paper: How to Cite Sources in Chicago Style Formatting Footnotes and Endnotes Organizing a Bibliography Directory of Documentation Models for Notes and Bibliography Entries Documentation Models Overview of Notes Overview of Bibliography Entries Author Variations Books Guidelines for Citing Books Guidelines for Citing Letters in Published Collections Periodicals Guidelines for Citing Articles in Print Journals Guidelines for Citing Articles in Electronic Databases Public Documents Multimedia Sources Guidelines for Citing Information from Web Sites Other Published Sources Unpublished Sources Appendix A Resources for History Research Comprehensive Reference Databases Historical Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Atlases Historical Dictionaries -- World Historical Dictionaries -- United States Historical Encyclopedias -- World Historical Encyclopedias -- Europe Historical Encyclopedias -- United States Historical Atlases -- World Historical Atlases -- United States Biography Collections and Databases International Biography Collections United States Biography Collections Newspaper Indexes and Databases Newspaper Indexes and Databases -- General Newspaper Indexes and Databases -- United States Periodical Indexes and Databases Magazine Indexes and Databases Journal Indexes and Databases Public Documents Public Documents -- International Public Documents -- Britain, Australia, and Canada Public Documents -- United States Historical Statistics Historical Statistics -- General Historical Statistics -- National and Regional Historical Statistics -- United States General Resources in World History Reference Works and Bibliographies Websites Specialized Resources in World History Ancient History Europe -- General Europe -- Medieval Europe -- Early Modern Europe -- Modern Britain -- General Britain before 1800 Britain since 1800 Ireland and Scotland Eastern Europe Russia and the Soviet Union Africa Middle East and North Africa Asia -- General South Asia -- India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka China Japan and Korea Australia and New Zealand Latin America and the Caribbean Canada General.