This book provides detailed coverage of all the key conflict-related developments since the Arab Spring, a seminal event that began in December 2010 and continues to have major influence on events in the Middle East, North Africa, and beyond. This important reference offers readers a thorough understanding of the nature of the various conflicts that have erupted in the Middle East and North Africa following the Arab Spring. Clear and concise explanations of important concepts related to Islam, ideology, and ethnicity and the economic, social, and cultural forces propelling conflict and revolution in the region will enable readers to gain insight into key developments there. Biographical and organizational profiles combined with succinct overviews of each country provide a strong research foundation for students. The book offers detailed descriptions of the minority groups that have suffered violence from both the countries and the societies around them, sometimes generating refugee flows that engage neighboring states in security issues. It also discusses the role of women in the region during these turbulent times. Primary source documents and a chronology highlight political struggles to reach durable agreements and develop institutions to meet basic human needs in the modern Middle East. Covers military, political, and social topics connected with modern conflict in the Middle East in more than 200 A-Z entries Features contributions from dozens of distinguished scholars and independent historians from a variety of disciplines Includes illuminating overview essays on 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa Supplements entries with primary source documents relevant to modern conflict in the Middle East.