The decade of democratic reforms in Afghanistan, 1963-1973, is often viewed as a 'golden era' of stability and progress. Bahar Jalali demonstrates, however, that the roots of Afghanistan's turbulent recent history can be traced back to precisely this period. It was at this time that the swift implementation - and ultimately failure - of progressive reforms gave rise to extremist ideologies that would go on to become politically dominant over the next three decades. The initial promise of liberalisation and modernisation in 1963 quickly unravelled in the face of inter-elite competition, factions within the royal family, practical paradoxes in the constitution and the growth of oppositional movements (namely communists and Islamists) out of sync with the state's rhetoric. By tracking this period in detail for the first time, Jalali establishes exactly why the last three decades of conflict in Afghanistan can be said to have their roots in this formative period, and demonstrates the importance of recognising this today. In work based on primary sources, interviews with key figures (including the royal family and the former king), and work in contemporary Afghanistan, Jalali raises timely questions regarding the politics and impact of Western-authored democratic reforms and addresses various historiographical and contemporary misconceptions. Democracy in Afghanistan is essential reading for all scholars interested in the political, diplomatic and internal struggles of an embattled Afghanistan, and its future.