NEW Important Topics for EAL Students Preface Acknowledgements Chapter Index Part I Essentials of Composition 1. The Writing Process: Planning, Writing, and Revising the Whole Essay 1a Finding and Limiting a Subject 1b Considering Audience and Purpose 1c Gathering and Organizing Evidence 1d Crafting a Thesis Statement 1e Crafting an Outline 1f Writing a First Draft 1g Beginnings 1h Revising, Editing, and Proofreading 1i Preparing the Final Draft 2. Paragraphs 2a Unity 2b Organizational Coherence 2c Structural Coherence 2d Emphasis and Variety Part II Essentials of Grammar and Style: Sentences 3. Sentence Elements and Patterns 3a Subject and Predicate, Noun and Verb 3b Modifiers 3c Structure Words 3d Phrases 3e Independent (Main) Clauses 3f Subordinate (Dependent) Clauses 3g Kinds of Sentences: Grammatical Types 4. Working with Sentence Elements to Create Variety and Emphasis 4a Basic Sentence Elements and Their Modifiers 4b Variety in Lengths 4c Variety in Kinds 4d Variety in Structures 4e Emphasizing a Whole Sentence 4f Emphasis by Position and Word Order 4g Emphasis by Repetition 4h Emphasis by Contrast 4i Emphasis by Syntax 5. Common Sentence Problems 5a Sentence Fragments 5b Comma Splices 5c Run-on (Fused) Sentences 5d Misplaced Modifiers 5e Dangling Modifiers 5f Mixed Constructions 5g Shifts in Perspective: Inconsistent Point of View 5h Faulty Parallelism Part III Essentials of Grammar and Style: Parts of Speech; Diction 6. Nouns 6a Inflection of Nouns: Number; Possessive Case 6b Grammatical Functions of Nouns 6c Nouns and Articles: a, an, and the 6c Nouns and Articles: a, an, and the 7a Pronoun Types 7b Case 7c Agreement of Pronouns with Their Antecedents 7d Pronoun Reference 7e Pronouns and Inclusive Language 8. Verbs 8a Transitive, Intransitive, and Linking Verbs 8b Inflection of Verbs: Principal Parts 8c Irregular Verbs 8d Auxiliary Verbs 8e Verb Tenses and Their Functions 8f Tense Sequence 8g Mood 8h Voice 9.

Agreement Between Subject and Verb 9a Words Intervening Between Subject and Verb 9b Compound Subjects 9c Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns 9d Subject Following Verb 9e Agreement with Relative Pronouns 10. Adjectives 10a Kinds of Adjectives 10b Comparison of Descriptive Adjectives 10c Placement and Ordering of Adjectives 11. Adverbs 11a Kinds and Functions of Adverbs 11b Comparison of Adverbs 11c Placement of Adverbs 12. Verbals 12a Infinitives 12b Participles 12c Gerunds 13. Connecting Words; Interjections 13a Prepositions 13b Conjunctions: Coordinate, Correlative, Subordinate 13c Interjections 14. Diction 14a Level 14b Concrete and Abstract Diction 14c Euphemisms 14d Wrong Words 14e Idiom 14f Wordiness, Cliches, Jargon, and Associated Problems 14g Usage: A Checklist of Troublesome Words and Phrases Part IV Essentials of Punctuation 15. The Comma 15a The Comma with Coordinating Conjunctions 15b The Comma with Items in a Series 15c The Comma with an Introductory Word, Phrase, or Subordinate Clause 15d The Comma with Nonrestrictive Elements 15e The Comma with Sentence Interrupters 16. The Semicolon 16a The Semicolon with Independent Clauses 16b The Semicolon with Conjunctive Adverbs and Transitions 16c The Semicolon with Items in a Series 17.

The Colon 17a The Colon with Items in a Series 17b The Colon Between a Title and a Subtitle 17c The Colon in the Salutation of a Business Letter 17d The Colon Introducing a Block Quotation 18. The Dash 18a The Dash with Items in a Series 18b The Dash with Sentence Interrupters 19. Parentheses 20. Quotation Marks 20a Quotation Marks with Direct Speech 20b Quotation Marks with Direct Quotation from a Source 20c Single Quotation Marks for a Quotation Within a Quotation 20d Quotation Marks Around Words Used in a Special Sense 20e Other Marks with Quotation Marks 20f Ellipses for Omissions 21. Brackets 22. The Period 23. The Question Mark 24. The Exclamation Point 25.

Avoiding Common Errors in Punctuation 25a Unwanted Comma Splice 25b Unwanted Comma Between Subject and Verb 25c Unwanted Comma Between Verb and Object or Complement 25d Unwanted Comma After Last Adjective of a Series 25e Unwanted Comma Between Coordinated Words and Phrases 25f Commas with Emphatic Repetition 25g Unwanted Comma with Short Introductory or Parenthetical Element 25h Unwanted Comma with Restrictive Appositive 25i Unwanted Comma with Indirect Quotation 25j Unwanted Question Mark After Indirect Question 25k Unwanted Semicolon with Subordinate Element 25-l Unwanted Colon After Incomplete Construction 25m Unwanted Double Punctuation: Comma or Semicolon with a Dash 25n Run-on (Fused) Sentences Part V Essentials of Mechanics and Spelling 26. Formatting an Essay 26a Format 26b Syllabication and Word Division 27. Abbreviations 27a Titles Before Proper Names 27b Titles and Degrees After Proper Names 27c Standard Words Used with Dates and Numerals 27d Agencies and Organizations Known by Their Initials 27e Scientific and Technical Terms Known by Their Initials 27f Latin Expressions Commonly Used in English 27g Terms in Official Titles 28. Capitalization 28a Names and Nicknames 28b Professional and Honorific Titles 28c Place Names 28d Months, Days, and Holidays 28e Religious Names 28f Names of Nationalities and Organizations 28g Names of Institutions and Sections of Government, Historical Events, and Buildings 28h Academic Courses and Languages 28i Derivatives of Proper Nouns 28j Abbreviations of Proper Nouns 28k Titles of Written and Other Works 28-l First Words 28m Personification or Emphasis 29. Titles 29a Quotation Marks for Short Works and Parts of Longer Works 29b Italics for Whole or Major Works 29c Titles Within Titles 30. Italics 30a Names of Ships and Planes 30b Non-English Words and Phrases 30c Words Referred to as Words 30d For Emphasis 31. Numerals 31a Time of Day 31b Dates 31c Addresses 31d Technical and Mathematical Numbers 31e Parts of a Written Work 31f Fractions 31g Numbers of More Than Two Words 31h Commas with Numerals 32. Spelling Rules and Common Causes of Error 32a ie or ei 32b Final e Before a Suffix 32c Final y After a Consonant and Before a Suffix 32d Doubling of a Final Consonant Before a Suffix 32e The Suffix ly 32f Troublesome Word Endings 32g Changes in Spelling of Roots 32h Faulty Pronunciation 32i Confusion with Other Words 32j Homophones and Other Words Sometimes Confused 32k Hyphenation 32-l Plurals 32m Apostrophes to Indicate Omission 32n Possessives Part VI Essentials of Research: Planning, Writing, and Documenting Sources 33.

The Research Plan 33a Formulating Research Questions 33b Designing a Timeline 33c Identifying and Evaluating Sources 33d Producing a Preliminary Bibliography 33e Notetaking 34. Writing the Essay 35. Acknowledging Sources 36. Quotation, Paraphrase, Summary, and Academic Integrity 36a Legitimate Paraphrase 36b Illegitimate Paraphrase 36c Paraphrase and Quotation Mixed 36d Summary 36e Maintaining Academic Integrity and Avoiding Plagiarism 36f Integrating and Contextualizing Quotations 37. Documentation 37a The Name-Page Method (MLA Style) 37b The Name-Date Method (APA Style) 37c The Note Method (Chicago Style) Appendix A: Checklist for Use in Revising, Editing, and Proofreading NEW Appendix B: Sample MLA-Style Research Paper Index.