Common Core State Standards xi The Authors xv Preface to the Sixth Edition xvii SECTION 1: FOUNDATIONS 1 List 1 Typical Literacy Development 4 List 2 Speech Sound Development 8 List 3 Sound-Awareness Books 9 List 4 Rhyming Books 11 List 5 Predictable Books 14 List 6 Books without Words 16 List 7 Print Concepts 19 List 8 Phonics Awareness 20 List 9 Rhyming Words21 List 10 Minimal Pairs 23 List 11 Word Segmentation 30 List 12 Active Response Activities33 List 13 Handwriting Charts 36 List 14 Reading and Language Tips for Parents of Young Children 38 List 15 Language Arts Glossary for Parents and Others 41 SECTION 2: PHONICS 51 List 16 Suggested Phonics Teaching Order 53 List 17 Consonant Sounds and Spellings 55 List 18 Vowel Sounds and Spellings 57 List 19 Double Vowels 58 List 20 The Final E Rule 59 List 21 Sound Determined by Letter Position 60 List 22 Phonics Example Words 61 List 23 The Most Common Phonograms 78 List 24 Phonograms 79 List 25 Phonically Irregular Words 88 List 26 Standalones--Words without Rhymes 89 List 27 Syllabication Rules 90 SECTION 3: USEFUL WORDS 93 List 28 High-Frequency Instant Words 95 List 29 Homophones 102 List 30 Homographs and Heteronyms 110 List 31 Easily Confused Words119 List 32 Collective Nouns 122 List 33 Mass or Uncountable Nouns 124 List 34 Compound Words 126 List 35 Nonreversible Word Pairs 129 List 36 Similes 130 List 37 Metaphors 131 List 38 Collocations 132 List 39 Common Word Idioms 133 List 40 Idiomatic Expressions 135 SECTION 4: VOCABULARY BUILDERS 139 List 41 The Twenty Most Common Prefixes 142 List 42 Prefixes of Number, Size, and Amount 143 List 43 More Prefixes 145 List 44 The Twenty Most Common Suffixes 149 List 45 Inflectional Suffixes 150 List 46 More Suffixes 151 List 47 Greek and Latin Roots 155 List 48 -Ology Word Family 160 List 49 -Phobia and -Philia Word Families 161 List 50 Synonyms 162 List 51 Antonyms 165 List 52 Words with Multiple Meanings 168 List 53 Onomatopoeia 171 List 54 Portmanteau or Blended Words 173 List 55 Clipped Words 175 List 56 Oxymorons 176 List 57 Sesquipedalian Superstars 177 List 58 Eponyms and Toponyms--Words Based on Names 181 List 59 Neologisms or New Words 186 List 60 Words Borrowed from Other Languages 191 List 61 French and Latin Phrases 194 List 62 American and British English Words 196 List 63 Words and Phrases from Mythology 198 List 64 Shakespeare in Words and Phrases 203 SECTION 5: CONTENT LITERACY 205 List 65 High-Utility Academic Words--Primary Grades 1 to 3 208 List 66 High-Utility Academic Words--Intermediate Grades 4 to 8 210 List 67 Math Vocabulary--Primary Grades 1 to 3 213 List 68 Math Vocabulary--Elementary Grades 4 to 5 217 List 69 Math Vocabulary--Intermediate Grades 6 to 8 220 List 70 US Customary Measurement System 224 List 71 Metric System of Measurement (SI) 226 List 72 Metric and Customary Equivalents and Conversion 228 List 73 Roman Numerals 230 List 74 Reading Math Symbols 231 List 75 Social Studies Vocabulary--Primary Grades 1 to 3 233 List 76 Social Studies Vocabulary--Intermediate Grades 4 to 8 234 List 77 Social Studies Vocabulary--Secondary Grades 9 to 12 238 List 78 Geography Vocabulary--Primary Grades 1 to 3 240 List 79 Geography Vocabulary--Intermediate Grades 4 to 8 241 List 80 Geography Fast Facts 243 List 81 US States and Their Capitals245 List 82 States of Mexico and Their Capitals 247 List 83 Provinces of Canada and Their Capitals 248 List 84 Science Vocabulary--Primary Grades 1 to 3 249 List 85 Science Vocabulary--Elementary Grades 4 to 6 252 SECTION 6: BOOKS 257 List 86 Book Words 260 List 87 Genres and Text Types 262 List 88 New and Old Favorite Books to Read Aloud 265 List 89 Award-Winning Children''s Books 270 List 90 Books for Word Play 274 List 91 Children''s All-Time Favorite Books 276 List 92 Books for Reluctant Readers 278 List 93 Kids'' Magazines for Readers and Writers 281 List 94 Booklist Collections 284 List 95 Book Interest Arousers 287 List 96 Fifty Postreading Response Ideas 288 List 97 The Fry Readability Graph 290 List 98 Readability Score Comparisons 292 List 99 Exemplar Texts for ELA and Subject Area Literacy 293 SECTION 7: COMPREHENSION 299 List 100 BDA Comprehension Strategies 302 List 101 Context Clues and Word Meaning 304 List 102 Syntax and Comprehension 306 List 103 Comprehension Questions 307 List 104 Question Starters for Discussions 309 List 105 Proverbs 310 List 106 Graphic Organizers 316 List 107 Problem-Solving Guide321 List 108 Paragraph and Text Organization 322 List 109 Character Traits 325 List 110 Tone and Mood Words 330 List 111 Point of View 333 List 112 Language Registers 335 List 113 Persuasive Techniques 338 List 114 Literary Terms 339 SECTION 8: FLUENCY 343 List 115 Fluency Elements 346 List 116 Sentence Tunes 348 List 117 Fluency and Punctuation 349 List 118 Fluency Teaching Methods 351 List 119 Oral Reading Activities353 List 120 Optimal Oral Reading Rates 355 List 121 Oral Reading Fluency Rubric 356 SECTION 9: LANGUAGE 357 List 122 Common Features of Language 359 List 123 Parts of Speech 361 List 124 Key Verb Concepts 362 List 125 Common Verb Tenses 364 List 126 Irregular Verb Patterns 367 List 127 Basic Sentence Patterns 370 List 128 Capitalization Guidelines 371 List 129 Contractions 372 List 130 Punctuation Guidelines 373 SECTION 10: SPELLING 377 List 131 Spelling Demons--Elementary 380 List 132 Spelling Demons--Intermediate 381 List 133 Spelling Demons--National Spelling Bee383 List 134 Spelling Rules for Adding Suffixes 384 List 135 Plurals 386 List 136 Spelling and Pronunciation 388 List 137 Common Abbreviations 389 SECTION 11: WRITING 393 List 138 Narrative and Informational Text 396 List 139 Story Starters 397 List 140 Prompts for Expository Writing 399 List 141 Descriptive Words 402 List 142 Color Words 406 List 143 Sense Words for Descriptive Writing 407 List 144 Signal and Transition Words 410 List 145 He Said/She Said 415 List 146 Checklist for Narrative Writing--Primary 417 List 147 Checklist for Opinion Writing--Primary 418 List 148 Checklist for Informative or Explanatory Writing--Primary 419 List 149 Checklist for Narrative Writing--Elementary 420 List 150 Checklist for Opinion/Argument Writing--Elementary 421 List 151 Checklist for Informative or Explanatory Writing--Elementary 422 List 152 Teacher''s Corrective Feedback Code 423 List 153 Proofreading Marks 424 List 154 Hyphenation Rules for Writing 425 List 155 Nonbiased Language Guidelines 426 List 156 Acronyms and Initializations 429 SECTION 12: TEACHING IDEAS 431 List 157 Tips for Reading Teachers 433 List 158 Games and Teaching Activities 434 List 159 Language Development through Drama 438 List 160 Word Wall Lists 440 List 161 Student/Group Project Planner 446 List 162 Working in Teams448 List 163 Teamwork Rules 450 List 164 Teaching with Magazines and Newspapers 451 List 165 Sample Reading Block Schedule 452 List 166 Activities for Tutors and Volunteers 453 List 167 One Hundred Ways to Praise 455 List 168 Activities for Multiple Intelligences457 List 169 Multiple Intelligences Questionnaire--Elementary 459 List 170 Multiple Intelligences Questionnaire--Middle and High School 461 List 171 Report Card Helpers--Euphemisms 463 List 172 Reading Organizations and Journals 464 List 173 Publishers of Reading Materials and Tests 467 List 174 Education Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initializations 468 SECTION 13: ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS 471 List 175 Teaching Tips for ELLs'' Success 474 List 176 Realia and Manipulatives 476 List 177 Class and School Vocabulary for ELLs 477 List 178 Students'' Language Background 480 List 179 English Sounds Not Used in Other Languages 481 List 180 Problem English Sounds for ELLs 482 List 181 Spanish Alphabet and Phonics 483 List 182 Useful Spanish Words and Phrases for Teachers 486 List 183 Three Hundred Most Frequently Used Spanish Words 493 List 184 Dichos--Spanish Proverbs 497 SECTION 14: ASSESSMENT 499 List 185 Assessment Methods 502 List 186 Assessment Terms 504 List 187 Normal Distribution 507 List 188 Study Skills Checklist 508 List 189 Memory and Recall Techniques 510 List 190 Test-taking Strategies 512 List 191 Test Words 514 List 192 Interest Inventory--Primary 516 List 193 Interest Inventory--Elementary/Intermediate 517 List 194 Cloze Procedure Variations 518 List 195 Analogies 520 List 196 Rubrics for Narrative Writing--Primary 522 List 197 Rubrics for Opinion Writing--Pri.