Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Introduction 1 Reference 4 2 First Language Acquisition 5 2.1 Chapter overview 6 2.2 From sound to word 6 2.3 From word to sentence 10 2.4 Theoretical views 13 2.5 First language vs second language acquisition 18 2.6 Summing up 26 Key concepts 26 Selfassessment questions 27 Discussion questions 28 Exercises / Project ideas 28 References 30 Further reading and viewing 32 3 Language Learning Contexts 35 3.1 Chapter overview 36 3.
2 Naturalistic contexts 36 3.3 Instructed learning / Instructed second language acquisition 41 3.4 Summing up 55 Key concepts 55 Selfassessment questions 55 Discussion questions 56 Exercises / Project ideas 57 References 57 Further reading and viewing 60 4 Theoretical Perspectives: Past and Present 63 4.1 Chapter overview 64 4.2 Contrastive analysis 65 4.3 Error analysis 68 4.4 Universal grammar 71 4.5 The monitor model / Input hypothesis 74 4.
6 The sociocultural approach 78 4.7 Summing up 81 Key concepts 81 Self-assessment questions 82 Discussion questions 83 Exercises / Project ideas 83 References 84 Further reading and viewing 86 5 Theoretical Perspectives: Cognitive Approaches 89 5.1 Chapter overview 90 5.2 Information processing / cognitive approach 90 5.3 Skill acquisition theory 92 5.4 The interaction approach 93 5.5 Input processing 101 5.6 Emergentism and usagebased approaches 102 5.
7 Summing up 107 Key concepts 107 Self-assessment questions 108 Discussion questions 109 Exercises / Project ideas 110 References 110 Further reading and viewing 113 6 Teaching Approaches and Instructional Issues 115 6.1 Chapter overview 116 6.2 Historical and current perspectives on language teaching 117 6.3 Classroom instructional issues 129 6.4 Summing up 144 Key concepts 145 Selfassessment questions 145 Discussion questions 146 Exercises / Project ideas 147 References 147 Further reading and viewing 150 7 Second Language Development 153 7.1 Chapter overview 154 7.2 Common processes and influences 155 7.3 L2 development across linguistic subfields 162 7.
4 Investigating learner language: Language corpora 180 7.5 Summing up 181 Key concepts 181 Selfassessment questions 182 Discussion questions 183 Exercises / Project ideas 183 References 183 Further reading and viewing 190 8 The Age Factor 193 8.1 Chapter overview 194 8.2 The critical period hypothesis 194 8.3 Abnormal instances: Children raised in isolation 198 8.4 Empirical studies 199 8.5 Exceptional cases 210 8.6 Summing up 211 Key concepts 212 Selfassessment questions 212 Discussion questions 213 Exercises / Project ideas 214 References 214 Further reading and viewing 216 9 Individual Differences 219 9.
1 Chapter overview 220 9.2 Intelligence 220 9.3 Language learning aptitude 222 9.4 Attitudes and motivation 228 9.5 Personality 234 9.6 Learning style and cognitive style 236 9.7 Learning strategies 240 9.8 Summing up 243 Key concepts 243 Self-assessment questions 244 Discussion questions 245 Exercises / Project ideas 246 References 246 Further reading and viewing 252 10 Bilingualism and Multilingualism 255 10.
1 Chapter overview 256 10.2 Bilingual development 260 10.3 Bilingual lexical representation and lexical access 267 10.4 Bilingual cognition 273 10.5 Multilingualism 274 10.6 Summing up 276 Key concepts 276 Selfassessment questions 277 Discussion questions 278 Exercises / Project ideas 278 References 278 Further reading and viewing 283 11 Concluding Words 285 11.1 Conclusion 285 11.2 Epilogue 286 Glossary 289 Index 301.