??????? ????? (Introduction) Phonetics Syllables Vowels Consonants: hard?soft pairs The hard sign and the soft sign Voiced and voiceless consonants Word stress: stressed and unstressed vowels Morphology: the composition of a word Morphological principle of spelling Writing unstressed vowels Spelling of prefixes Spelling of suffixes Spelling of unstressed vowels in the root Vowels and consonants of the root that cannot be checked Grammar: parts of speech Adverbs Nouns Gender How to determine a noun''s gender? Number Exceptions ???????? ????? Chapter 1: ??? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? (How to describe people) ? ?????? ????????: ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????????: ????? ????? ????? ????: ?????????????? ? ??????? (Parts of speech: adjectives and adverbs) ???????????? ??????????????? ? ?????????????? (Noun?adjective agreement) ????????? ?????????????? (Adjectival endings) ?????? ????????? ?????????????? (Nuances of adjectival endings) ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? (Superlative degree of adjectives) ???????? ????? Chapter 2: ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ??? (How to talk about daily routine) ? ?????? ????????: ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????????: ????? ????? ??????? (Verbs) ????????? ????? ??????? (Infinitive) ?????????? ??????? (Reflexive verbs) ????? ??????? (Tense) ????????? ????? (Past tense) ????????? ? ??????? ????? (Present tense and future tense) ??????????? ????????? (Consonant mutation) ?????????? ??????? (Tricky verbs) ??????? ? ????????? -???- (Verbs with the -OBA- suffix) ??????? ????????, ???????? ? ?????? (Verbs of the type ??????) ???????????? ??????? (Irregular verbs) ???????? ????? Chapter 3: ??? ???????? ? ???, ??? ????, ??? ???? ? ??? ????? (How to describe past, present, and future events) ? ?????? ????????: ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????????: ????? ????? ??? ??????? (Verbal aspect) ????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ???? (Imperfective and perfective forms of verbs) ??????? (?????????????) ????? ??????? (Functions of verbal aspect) ??? ??????? ? ????? (Verbal aspect and tense) ??? ??????? ? ??????? (Verbal aspect and adverbs) ??????? ??????? ????? (Tricky aspectual pairs) ???????? ????? Chapter 4: ??? ???????? ? ????? ? ??????? (How to talk about family and friends) ? ?????? ????????: ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????????: ????? ????? ????????? ?????? (Grammatical case) ??????????? ????? ??????????????? (Genitive case of nouns) ?????? ?????? (Important nuances) ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????? (Adjectives and possessive pronouns in the genitive case) ?????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????? (Personal pronouns in the genitive case) ??????? ???????????? ?????? (Functions of the genitive case) ??????????????: ? ???? ??? ???? (Possession: expressing the idea of ''having'') ?????????????? ???????: ???? (Expressing belonging: whose?) ???????????? (????????????) ??????? (Attributive function) ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????-???? (Insufficient amount of something, lack of something, or absence of something or somebody) ???????? ????? Chapter 5: ??? ???????? ? ???e, ??????? ???? ???????? (How to describe a community where I live) ? ?????? ????????: ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????????: ????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????? (Plural nouns in the genitive case) ?????????????? ?????????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????? (Plural adjectives in the genitive case) ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? (Important details on the form of the plural genitive) ?????????????? ??????? (The fill vowel) ?????????? (Exceptions) ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????: ??ë? (Additional function of the genitive case: counting) ???????? ????? Chapter 6: ??? ???????? ?? ??ë?? (How to talk about academic studies) ? ?????? ????????: ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????????: ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ????? (Accusative of nouns and adjectives: singular) ?????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????? (Personal pronouns in the accusative case) ??????? ???????????? ?????? (Functions of the accusative case) ??????? 1: ?????? ?????????? (Function 1: direct object) ??????? 2: ??????????? ? ?????????????? (Function 2: direction and directionality) ??????? 3: ??????????? ????? ? ?????????? (Function 3: accusative case with prepositions) ??????????? ????? ??????????????? ? ?????????????? ?? ????????????? ????? (Accusative of nouns and adjectives: plural) ???????? ????? Chapter 7: ??? ???????? ? ????????, ????????? ? ???????????? (How to talk about trips and travel) ? ?????? ????????: ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? (Verbs of motion) ?????????????? (Directionality) ???????? ???????????: ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? (Conveyance: on foot vs. via transportation) ??????? ???????? ? ??????????? (Prefixed verbs of motion) ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? (Generalized meaning of verbs of motion) ? ?????? ????????: ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? (Conjugation of Verbs of Motion) ??????????? ? ?????????????? (Direction/destination and directionality) ?????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? (Review of the accusative singular) ??????? ????????????????, ???????????????????? ? ????????? (Verbs of positioning, self-positioning and location) ?????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? (Review of the accusative plural) ???????? ????? Chapter 8: ??? ???????? ? ???????? ? ???????, ????????? ? ???????? ???????? (How to talk about feelings and emotions) ? ?????? ????????: ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????????: ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????, ?????????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? Chapter 9: ??? ???????? ? ???, ??? ?? ????? (How to talk about where people live) ? ?????? ????????: ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????????: ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? Chapter 10: ??? ???????? ? ????? ???????????????? ? ???????????? ????????? (How to talk about people''s interests) ? ?????? ????????: ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????????: ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ''to be'' ? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????? Chapter 11: ???????? ????? (Tying It All Together) ????????? ???? ? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????: ????? ??????????, ????? ??????????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ????????.