Acknowledgements List of Illustrations Note to the Reader Prologue 1 Introduction: Fascinating Multilingualism 1 Introduction 2 Scope and Definitions 3 Methods and Sources 4 Outline2 The Multilingual Low Countries 1 Introduction 2 Ruling Languages 3 The Languages of the Muses 4 International Communication 5 Conclusions3 Trending Topics in European Language Reflection 1 Introduction 2 Latin and the Vernacular 3 Collecting, Comparing, Competing 4 Building the Vernacular 5 Purity and Eloquence 6 Conclusions4 French Schools 1 Introduction 2 Defending Language Learning 3 Making and Teaching the Rules 4 Teaching Purity and Eloquence 5 Conclusions5 Calvinist Churches 1 Introduction 2 Translating Psalms, Building Communities 3 Undoing Babel in Marnix's Psalms 4 Dangerous Mixtures 5 Conclusions6 Printing Houses 1 Introduction 2 Printing for the Patria 3 Orthography: A Storm in a Teacup? 4 Engaging the Public 5 Conclusions7 Chambers of Rhetoric 1 Introduction 2 The Perks of Plurilingualism 3 Studying the Vernacular 4 The Rules of Dutch Poetry 5 Conclusions8 Conclusions Bibliography Index.