Introduction Antoine Borrut, Manuela Ceballos, and Alison M. Vacca, 'Multilingualism in the Early Islamic World' Section One: Languages of the Umayyad Caliphate Petra M. Sijpesteijn, 'The Early Islamic Empire's Policy of Multilingual Governance' Marie Legendre, 'The Translation of the Diwan and the Making of the Marwanid "Language Reform": Secretarial Agency, Economic Incentives, and Regional Dynamics in the Umayyad State' Antoine Borrut, 'Towards an Arabic Cosmopolis: Culture and Power in Early Islam' Section Two: Multilingualism, Empires, and Local Elites Muriel Debie, 'The Arabs and Northern Languages and Scripts before Islam' Robert Haug, 'Triliteral Coins and Political Authority along a Contentious Frontier: Between Arabic, Bactrian, and Pahlavi in Late Antique Khurasan' Alison M. Vacca, 'Arabic and the Public Performance of Power in Early Medieval Armenia' Judith A. Lerner, 'From Bactrian to Arabic: Changes in Seals and Sealing Practices as Observed in the Documents from Bactria' Section Three: Languages in Contact and Shared Spaces Khodadad Rezakhani, 'Navigating Persian: Travels and Tribulations of Middle Iranian Languages' Aaron Butts, 'Once Again, the Twin Histories of Arabic and Aramaic (with a Focus on Syriac)' Arianna D'Ottone Rambach, 'Sharing the Written Space: Contact and Interaction between Arabic and Other Scripts as Attested by Palaeographical and Codicological Evidence' Fred Astren, ''Abbasid Book Culture and Ninth-Century Jewish Sectarianism' Index.