Preface Chapter 1 Introduction - Element 29 Color Colors of the Alloys Copper Minerals History Modern Copper Production Process Sustainability, Environmental, and Hygienic Concerns Copper and Water Health and Safety Copper - The Anti-Microbial Metal Copper Alloys for the Arts Bronze Sculpture Beyond Casting Relative to Other Architectural Metals Chapter 2 Copper and its Alloys The Rich History of the Copper Alloys Elements Added to Copper Alloy Designation System Unified Numbering System Tempers The Wrought Copper Alloys Commercially Pure Copper The Brasses The Leaded Brasses The Tin Brasses The Phosphor Bronze Alloys The Aluminum Bronze Alloys The Silicon Bronze Alloys Copper Nickels and Nickel Silvers Alloys The Cast Alloys The Cast Red Brasses The Cast Yellow Brasses The Silicon Bronze Cast Alloys Cast Tin Bronze The Cast Nickel Silver The Cast Manganese Bronze Alloys Chapter 3 Surface Finishes Mill Surfaces Mechanical Finishes and Temporary Protection Natural Color Blending of Alloy Colors and Finishes Satin and Mirror Finishes Polishing and Buffing Color from Oxidation and Chemical Reactions Statuary Finishes Matching Hardware Finishes Dirty Penny(tm) Red Patina Green Patinas The Green Artificial Patina Additional Patina Colors Preparing the Surface Cold Patination Process Hot Patination Process Textures Plastic Deformation Surface Texturing Repoussé and Chase Hammered Texture Embossing CNC Texturing Etching and Engraving Plating Tin Coated Copper Melted Copper Alloy Surfacing Copper and Glass Protective the Surface Chapter 4 Expectations of the Stainless Steel Surface When Surface Appearance is Not Intended to Change Surface Preparation The Coating and Application Oxide Inhibitor - Benzotriazole Color differences When the Surface Appearance is Allowed to Change Naturally Flatness Texturing the Surface Initial Oxidation on Copper Alloys In Situ Patination Pre-patination The effect of Sealants The Cast Surface Arriving at the best possible outcome For the First Few Months The Next 10 Years Next 30 years Chapter 5 Designing with the Available Forms A Brief History Wrought Forms Strip, Plate, Sheet, Coils, and Foil Plate Sheet and Coils Strip Foil Leaf Extrusion Extrusion Process Designing the Shape Cross Section Design Criteria Pipe and Tube Bars and Rod Forms Wire and Wire Rope Copper Alloy Mesh and Expanded Metal Perforated and Embossed Custom perforation of copper and copper alloys The Cast Form Sand Casting Investment Casting Steps in Investment Casting Permanent Mold Casting Die Casting Chapter 6 Fabrication Processes Forming V-Cutting Cutting Copper Alloys Shearing and Blanking Saw Cutting Waterjet Cutting Laser Cutting Plasma Cutting Machining Soldering, Brazing and Welding Soldering and Brazing Welding Welding Copper Welding the Brass Alloys Welding the Silicon Bronze Alloys Welding the Nickel Silver, Phosphor Bronze and Aluminum Bronze Alloys Casting Lost Wax Technique - ''Cire - Perdue'' Spinning Deep Drawing Stretch Forming Custom embossing and custom perforating Chapter 7 Corrosion Resistance Characteristics General Information Categories of Corrosion Uniform Corrosion - The Initial Tarnish Transition to the Natural Patina Galvanic Corrosion - Temperature Affects - Electrolyte Affects - Ration of Areas Pitting Corrosion Bronze Disease Dealloying - Dezincification Stress Corrosion Cracking Fretting and Erosion Corrosion Crevice Corrosion Intergranular Corrosion Fatigue Corrosion Environmental Exposures Acids and Bases Categories of the Copper Alloy Surface Uncoated Base Metal Surface Patinated Metal Surface Coated Metal and Coated Patinated Metal Chapter 8 Maintaining the Stainless Steel Surface The New Surface - Protecting the Copper Alloy Surface Achieving Physical Cleanliness Tarnish Underfilm Corrosion Other Substances on the Surface Bird Waste Deicing Salts Old Wax Old Lacquers Achieving Chemical Cleanliness Dissolving the Oxide Electopolishing Abrasive blasting Pickling Laser Ablation Achieving Mechanical Cleanliness Scratches and Graffiti Handling and Packaging Maintenance Needs and Reasons Repairing Patinas Determining the Alloy Protecting the surfaces of copper and copper alloys Waxes Organic Coatings - Lacquers Degradation of Organic Coatings Inorganic Coatings Oils Cleaning the Copper Surface Removing Copper Stain on other Substances Deteriorating patinas Appendix A Comparative Attributes of Metals used in Art and Architecture Appendix B Hardware Finishes Codes and Descriptions Appendix C Numbering Systems Used on Copper Alloys Further reading Index.