Contents and Abstracts 0Introduction: What Is Diplomatic Security? chapter abstract In spite of its growing importance in public debate, diplomatic security has received very limited scholarly attention. This introduction outlines the dimensions of diplomatic security, explaining how the volume contributes to the literature on both security and diplomacy, and briefly describing the content of each chapter. 1A Century of US Diplomatic Security: An Evolutionary Response to a Changing Threat Environment chapter abstract The United States'' diplomatic security apparatus that operates today from Washington DC to Iraq and Afghanistan is uniquely massive. It is incomparable in its size, budget, degree of institutionalization, and level of sophistication when set against both other nations as well as its own humble origins in WWI. To understand why this is so, the first half of this chapter historically maps and causally explains how, and why, US diplomatic security has been transformed over the course of its modern hundred-year history. The second half provides an empirically rich study of the various roles and functions of the State Department''s Bureau of Diplomatic Security and the US military units that protect the US diplomatic mission. 2Chinese Diplomatic Security: Meeting and Managing New Challenges chapter abstract China''s rise as a global power and its proactive foreign policy have been extensively researched. The challenges China faces in sustaining its growing diplomatic presence, including the protection of its diplomatic posts and personnel abroad, have been much less studied.

In recent years, Chinese diplomats have been increasingly operating in unstable environments and have become the target of terrorist and criminal groups. China''s growing economic footprint and the large number of Chinese citizens traveling to and living in foreign countries exert further pressure on consular services and expose Beijing''s diplomats to additional risks and challenges, ranging from hostage negotiations to the evacuation of Chinese nationals. As this chapter shows, Beijing has yet to fully develop legislative and institutional frameworks to manage these growing challenges. 3Diplomatic Security in the United Kingdom: An Informal Approach? chapter abstract This chapter examines the United Kingdom''s diplomatic security policies, arrangements, and methods during the Cold War and post-Cold War eras, explaining where responsibility for the procedures used to protect missions lies before touching on the role of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and other government agencies in underpinning diplomatic security. In particular, the chapter notes that British diplomatic protection remains based on an informal approach that relies on the personal contacts and previous experience of the security personnel responsible for protecting missions abroad. 4A Policy in Progress: France''s Diplomatic Security chapter abstract At the beginning of 2017, a French government decree transformed the Sub-Directorate for Diplomatic Security into a full-fledged directorate of the ministry of Foreign Affairs under the name of the Directorate for Diplomatic Security. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of today''s French diplomatic security policies. To this end, it relies on documents and interview to examine the process underlying the creation of a dedicated service dealing with diplomatic security and investigate how such arrangements have been shaped by French diplomatic culture and more general transformations in French foreign policy.

5German Diplomatic Security Policy: A Federal Police Response chapter abstract Since the end of the Cold War, counterterrorism has joined traditional counterintelligence concerns at the top of the German diplomatic security agenda. Germany has designated diplomatic security predominantly as a responsibility of the police, and has tasked the German Federal Police (Bundespolizei) with the lead role in providing security for its diplomatic installations around the world. This chapter offers a brief review of the Federal Republic of Germany''s diplomatic activities and its efforts to maintain diplomatic security from the Cold War to the present. It then examines some of the main challenges to diplomatic security today, and how Germany has responded to them. 6Russia''s Militarized Approach to Diplomatic Security chapter abstract Despite the increasing number of attacks on Russian diplomatic representations and personnel abroad, Russian diplomatic security has received very little attention. This chapter examines Moscow''s approach to diplomatic security, showing that Russian diplomatic protective arrangements have been characterized by an increasingly large military component. Overall, however, Russia''s diplomatic security policy has been reactive and slow. This, as epitomized by the murder of the Russian ambassador in Istanbul in December 2016, hinders the effective protection of Russia''s diplomatic personnel.

7Diplomatic Security in Times of Austerity: The Case of Italy chapter abstract Even if the Italian diplomatic presence abroad has slightly diminished since 2013, Italy still maintains the fourth largest diplomatic network worldwide. Italy has a clear and long-standing system in place for the protection of its diplomatic corps, complementing host country protection with the dispatch of units from the Carabinieri, a gendarmerie corps with both military and law enforcement duties. Nevertheless, as this chapter shows, the growing exposure of Italian diplomatic missions to a variety of threats requires the allocation of further resources to diplomatic security. The need for budgetary cuts and public criticism of the alleged privileges enjoyed by diplomatic personnel abroad, however, make the allocation of additional funding and personnel to diplomatic security problematic. 8Diplomatic Security as Counterterrorism: Protecting Israel''s Diplomatic Missions chapter abstract Israeli diplomatic delegations have frequently been targeted by terrorist attacks. The Israeli state has established a single overarching approach against this violent campaign, choosing the Israeli Security Agency (ISA) as the leading organization tasked with countering attacks against both diplomatic missions and other civilian objectives abroad. The ISA has been crucial in enhancing Israel''s diplomatic security by providing intelligence and armed personnel to protect missions abroad. 9Turkish Diplomatic Security: Lessons Not Learned chapter abstract Turkey saw the secrecy of its diplomatic communications and the safety of its diplomatic personnel repeatedly threatened from the early twentieth century to the present day.

10Risk Management in US Diplomatic Security chapter abstract Over the last thirty-five years, the Department of State (DoS) has experienced four wrenching incidents: the 1983 Beirut embassy bombings; the 1998 East Africa embassy bombings; the 2007 Nisour Square incident; and the 2012 attack on the Benghazi Special Embassy Mission. These tragic events have challenged US approach to diplomatic security, forcing the DoS Bureau of Diplomatic Security (DS) to become less tolerant of risk and better able to assess and understand the consequences of the risks it continues to face. Drawing on the author''s experience as a special agent within the DS, this chapter examines these four incidents as catalysts for a more robust understanding of risk management in the DoS, outlining their implications on the evolution of US diplomatic security. 11Securing Diplomacy in the War on Terrorism: A Critical Perspective chapter abstract