Preface iii Special Features xxiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Programming? 2 1.2 The Anatomy of a Computer 3 C&S Computers are Everywhere 5 1.3 Machine Code and Programming Languages 5 C&S Standards Organizations 7 1.4 Becoming Familiar with Your Programming Environment 7 PT 1 Backup Copies 10 1.5 Analyzing Your First Program 11 CE 1 Omitting Semicolons 13 ST 1 Escape Sequences 13 1.6 Errors 14 CE 2 Misspelling Words 15 1.7 PROBLEM SOLVING Algorithm Design 16 The Algorithm Concept 16 An Algorithm for Solving an Investment Problem 17 Pseudocode 18 From Algorithms to Programs 19 HT 1 Describing an Algorithm with Pseudocode 19 WE 1 Writing an Algorithm for Tiling a Floor 21 2 Fundamental Data Types 25 2.

1 Variables 26 Variable Definitions 26 Number Types 28 Variable Names 29 The Assignment Statement 30 Constants 31 Comments 31 CE 1 Using Undefined Variables 33 CE 2 Using Uninitialized Variables 33 PT 1 Choose Descriptive Variable Names 33 PT 2 Do Not Use Magic Numbers 34 ST 1 Numeric Types in C++ 34 ST 2 Numeric Ranges and Precisions 35 ST 3 Defining Variables with auto 35 2.2 Arithmetic 36 Arithmetic Operators 36 Increment and Decrement 36 Integer Division and Remainder 36 Converting Floating-Point Numbers to Integers 37 Powers and Roots 38 CE 3 Unintended Integer Division 39 CE 4 Unbalanced Parentheses 40 CE 5 Forgetting Header Files 40 CE 6 Roundoff Errors 41 PT 3 Spaces in Expressions 42 ST 4 Casts 42 ST 5 Combining Assignment and Arithmetic 42 C&S The Pentium Floating-Point Bug 43 2.3 Input and Output 44 Input 44 Formatted Output 45 2.4 PROBLEM SOLVING First Do It By Hand 47 WE 1 Computing Travel Time 48 HT 1 Carrying out Computations 48 WE 2 Computing the Cost of Stamps 51 2.5 Strings 51 The string Type 51 Concatenation 52 String Input 52 String Functions 52 C&S International Alphabets and Unicode 55 3 Decisions 59 3.1 The if Statement 60 CE 1 A Semicolon After the if Condition 63 PT 1 Brace Layout 63 PT 2 Always Use Braces 64 PT 3 Tabs 64 PT 4 Avoid Duplication in Branches 65 ST 1 The Conditional Operator 65 3.2 Comparing Numbers and Strings 66 CE 2 Confusing = and == 68 CE 3 Exact Comparison of Floating-Point Numbers 68 PT 5 Compile with Zero Warnings 69 ST 2 Lexicographic Ordering of Strings 69 HT 1 Implementing an if Statement 70 WE 1 Extracting the Middle 72 C&S Dysfunctional Computerized Systems 72 3.3 Multiple Alternatives 73 ST 3 The switch Statement 75 3.

4 Nested Branches 76 CE 4 The Dangling else Problem 79 PT 6 Hand-Tracing 79 3.5 PROBLEM SOLVING Flowcharts 81 3.6 PROBLEM SOLVING Test Cases 83 PT 7 Make a Schedule and Make Time for Unexpected Problems 84 3.7 Boolean Variables and Operators 85 CE 5 Combining Multiple Relational Operators 88 CE 6 Confusing && and Conditions 88 ST 4 Short-Circuit Evaluation of Boolean Operators 89 ST 5 De Morgan''s Law 89 3.8 APPLICATION Input Validation 90 C&S Artificial Intelligence 92 4 Loops 95 4.1 The while Loop 96 CE 1 Infinite Loops 100 CE 2 Don''t Think "Are We There Yet?" 101 CE 3 Off-by-One Errors 101 C&S The First Bug 102 4.2 PROBLEM SOLVING Hand-Tracing 103 4.3 The for Loop 106 PT 1 Use for Loops for Their Intended Purpose Only 109 PT 2 Choose Loop Bounds That Match Your Task 110 PT 3 Count Iterations 110 4.

4 The do Loop 111 PT 4 Flowcharts for Loops 111 4.5 Processing Input 112 Sentinel Values 112 Reading Until Input Fails 114 ST 1 Clearing the Failure State 115 ST 2 The Loop-and-a-Half Problem and the break Statement 116 ST 3 Redirection of Input and Output 116 4.6 PROBLEM SOLVING Storyboards 117 4.7 Common Loop Algorithms 119 Sum and Average Value 119 Counting Matches 120 Finding the First Match 120 Prompting Until a Match is Found 121 Maximum and Minimum 121 Comparing Adjacent Values 122 HT 1 Writing a Loop 123 WE 1 Credit Card Processing 126 4.8 Nested Loops 126 WE 2 Manipulating the Pixels in an Image 129 4.9 PROBLEM SOLVING Solve a Simpler Problem First 130 4.10 Random Numbers and Simulations 134 Generating Random Numbers 134 Simulating Die Tosses 135 The Monte Carlo Method 136 C&S Digital Piracy 138 5 Functions 141 5.1 Functions as Black Boxes 142 5.

2 Implementing Functions 143 PT 1 Function Comments 146 5.3 Parameter Passing 146 PT 2 Do Not Modify Parameter Variables 148 5.4 Return Values 148 CE 1 Missing Return Value 149 ST 1 Function Declarations 150 HT 1 Implementing a Function 151 WE 1 Generating Random Passwords 152 WE 2 Using a Debugger 152 5.5 Functions Without Return Values 153 5.6 PROBLEM SOLVING Reusable Functions 154 5.7 PROBLEM SOLVING Stepwise Refinement 156 PT 3 Keep Functions Short 161 PT 4 Tracing Functions 161 PT 5 Stubs 162 WE 3 Calculating a Course Grade 163 5.8 Variable Scope and Global Variables 163 PT 6 Avoid Global Variables 165 5.9 Reference Parameters 165 PT 7 Prefer Return Values to Reference Parameters 169 ST 2 Constant References 170 5.

10 Recursive Functions (Optional) 170 HT 2 Thinking Recursively 173 C&S The Explosive Growth of Personal Computers 174 6 Arrays and Vectors 179 6.1 Arrays 180 Defining Arrays 180 Accessing Array Elements 182 Partially Filled Arrays 183 CE 1 Bounds Errors 184 PT 1 Use Arrays for Sequences of Related Values 184 C&S Computer Viruses 185 6.2 Common Array Algorithms 185 Filling 186 Copying 186 Sum and Average Value 186 Maximum and Minimum 187 Element Separators 187 Counting Matches 187 Linear Search 188 Removing an Element 188 Inserting an Element 189 Swapping Elements 190 Reading Input 191 ST 1 Sorting with the C++ Library 192 ST 2 A Sorting Algorithm 192 ST 3 Binary Search 193 6.3 Arrays and Functions 194 ST 4 Constant Array Parameters 198 6.4 PROBLEM SOLVING Adapting Algorithms 198 HT 1 Working with Arrays 200 WE 1 Rolling the Dice 203 6.5 PROBLEM SOLVING Discovering Algorithms by Manipulating Physical Objects 203 6.6 Two-Dimensional Arrays 206 Defining Two-Dimensional Arrays 207 Accessing Elements 207 Locating Neighboring Elements 208 Computing Row and Column Totals 208 Two-Dimensional Array Parameters 210 CE 2 Omitting the Column Size of a Two-Dimensional Array Parameter 212 WE 2 A World Population Table 213 6.7 Vectors 213 Defining Vectors 214 Growing and Shrinking Vectors 215 Vectors and Functions 216 Vector Algorithms 216 Two-Dimensional Vectors 218 PT 2 Prefer Vectors over Arrays 219 ST 5 The Range-Based for Loop 219 7 Pointers and Structures 223 7.

1 Defining and Using Pointers 224 Defining Pointers 224 Accessing Variables Through Pointers 225 Initializing Pointers 227 CE 1 Confusing Pointers with the Data to Which They Point 228 PT 1 Use a Separate Definition for Each Pointer Variable 229 ST 1 Pointers and References 229 7.2 Arrays and Pointers 230 Arrays as Pointers 230 Pointer Arithmetic 230 Array Parameter Variables are Pointers 232 ST 2 Using a Pointer to Step Through an Array 233 CE 2 Returning a Pointer to a Local Variable 234 PT 2 Program Clearly, Not Cleverly 234 ST 3 Constant Pointers 235 7.3 C and C++ Strings 235 The char Type 235 C Strings 236 Character Arrays 237 Converting Between C and C++ Strings 237 C++ Strings and the [] Operator 238 ST 4 Working with C Strings 238 7.4 Dynamic Memory Allocation 240 CE 3 Dangling Pointers 242 CE 4 Memory Leaks 243 7.5 Arrays and Vectors of Pointers 243 7.6 PROBLEM SOLVING Draw a Picture 246 HT 1 Working with Pointers 248 WE 1 Producing a Mass Mailing 249 C&S Embedded Systems 250 7.7 Structures 250 Structured Types 250 Structure Assignment and Comparison 251 Functions and Structures 252 Arrays of Structures 252 Structures with Array Members 253 Nested Structures 253 7.8 Pointers and Structures 254 Pointers to Structures 254 Structures with Pointer Members 255 ST 5 Smart Pointers 256 8 Streams 259 8.

1 Reading and Writing Text Files 260 Opening a Stream 260 Reading from a File 261 Writing to a File 262 A File Processing Example 262 8.2 Reading Text Input 265 Reading Words 265 Reading Characters 266 Reading Lines 267 CE 1 Mixing >> and getline Input 268 ST 1 Stream Failure Checking 269 8.3 Writing Text Output 270 ST 2 Unicode, UTF-8, and C++ Strings 272 8.4 Parsing and Formatting Strings 273 8.5 Command Line Arguments 274 C&S Encryption Algorithms 277 HT 1 Processing.