Introduction xv Chapter 1 Introduction to IP Multicast 1 What Problem Does Multicast Solve? 3 Multicast Applications and Services 5 One-to-Many Multicast Applications 5 Many-to-Many Multicast Applications 6 Many-to-One Multicast Applications 7 Multicast Packet 8 What Is a Source? 9 What Is a Receiver? 10 L3 Multicast Is Built on the TCP/IP Protocol Stack 10 It''s a Group Thing 11 IPv4 Layer 3 Multicast Addressing Defines Groups 13 IPv4 Multicast Group Address Assignments 14 Important Multicast Groups and Group Considerations 16 IPv4 Local Network Control 16 IPv4 Inter-Network Control 18 The History of Multicast 19 The MBone 20 Native Internet Multicast 20 IPv6 Multicast 20 Multicast Development and Standardization 21 Summary 21 Chapter 2 Network Access and Layer 2 Multicast 23 Layered Encapsulation 23 MAC Address Mapping 26 Switching Multicast Frames 28 Group Subscription 29 IGMP on the Gateway Router 30 IGMP Versions 31 IGMPv1 31 IGMPv2 32 IGMPv3 35 Configuring IGMP on a Router 37 Mixed Groups: Interoperability Between IGMPv1, v2, and v3 38 Layer 2 Group Management 38 Cisco Group Management Protocol 38 The CGMP Leave Process 39 Router-Port Group Management Protocol 39 Snooping 40 IGMP Snooping 40 Maintaining Group Membership 44 Configuring IP IGMP Snooping 44 The Process of Packet Replication in a Switch 45 Protecting Layer 2 47 Storm Control 47 Summary 49 References 49 Chapter 3 IP Multicast at Layer 3 51 Multicast Hosts 52 Networked Groups: Client/Server 52 Network Hosts 53 Multicast Routing: An Introduction to Protocol Independent Multicast and Multicast Trees 54 Seeing the Forest Through the Trees 55 What Is a Network Tree? 55 Concepts of PIM Group States 57 The (*,G) State Entry 58 The (S,G) State Entry 60 Reverse Path Forwarding 61 Two Types of Trees 63 Source Trees (Shortest Path Trees) 64 Shared Trees 66 Branches on a Tree 68 PIM Neighbors 68 Designated Routers 69 PIM Messages: Join, Leave, Prune, Graft, and Assert 72 Join 75 Leave and Prune 75 Graft 75 Assert 75 PIM Modes 76 PIM Dense-Mode 76 PIM Sparse-Mode 77 PIM Sparse-Dense Mode 80 Multicast Flow at the Leaf 81 Leaving an IGMP Group 85 The Rendezvous Point and Shared Tree Dynamics 87 From a Shared Tree to a Source Tree 94 Building the Multicast Routing Information Base 101 Multicast Routing Information Base and Multicast Forwarding Information Base 102 PIM-BiDir 104 PIM-SSM 110 Summary 119 Chapter 4 Protocol Independent Multicast 121 RP Overview 121 IP Multicast Domains 124 Basic PIM Configuration 128 Static RP 129 PIM Dense Mode 132 Dynamic RP Information Propagation 134 Auto RP 135 Sample Configuration: Auto-RP for IOS 137 Sample Configuration: Auto-RP for IOS-XR 139 Sample Configuration: Auto-RP for NX-OS 141 BSR 143 Sample Configuration: BSR in IOS 145 Sample Configuration: BSR in IOS-XR 146 Sample Configuration: BSR in NX-OS 148 Anycast RP 149 Multicast Source Discovery Protocol 150 PIM Anycast RP 151 Sample Configuration: Anycast RP with MSDP on IOS 153 Sample Configuration: Anycast with MSDP on IOS-XR 155 Sample Configuration: Anycast on NX-OS 158 Phantom RP 160 Sample Configuration-Phantom RP on IOS 161 PIM SSM Configuration 162 Summary 164 Chapter 5 IP Multicast Design Considerations and Implementation 167 Multicast Group Scoping 167 Organizational and Global Group Assignment Considerations 168 IPv4 Considerations 170 Using Group Scoping for Hybrid Designs and RP Placement 173 Multicast RP Design with MSDP Mesh Group 178 Multicast RP Hybrid Design with Scoped Multicast Domains 181 RP Placement 186 Multicast Traffic Engineering and Forwarding 186 More on mRIB, mFIB, and RPF Checks 188 Traffic Engineering Using IP Multipath Feature 197 Multicast Traffic Engineering: Deterministic Path Selection 201 IP Multicast Best Practices and Security 209 Before Enabling PIM 209 General Best Practices 210 Tuning the Network for Multicast 211 Manually Selecting Designated Routers 212 Basic Multicast Security 216 Protecting Multicast Control-plane and Data-plane Resources 216 Securing Multicast Domains with Boundaries and Borders 218 Protecting Multicast RPs 225 Best Practice and Security Summary 226 Putting It All Together 228 Scenario: Multicaster''s Bank Corp. Media Services 228 Summary 238 Chapter 6 IPv6 Multicast Networks 239 IPv6 Fundamentals: A Quick Overview 239 IPv6 Layer 3 Multicast Group Addressing 242 IPv6 Multicast Group Address Assignments 245 IANA Unicast-Prefix--Based Multicast Address 247 IPv6 Source-Specific Addressing 248 Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses 249 IPv6 Address Scoping and Schema Considerations 249 Multicast-IPv6-Address-to-MAC-Address Mapping 250 IPv6 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Multicast 250 Multicast Listener Discovery for IPv6 251 MLDv1 251 MLDv2 253 Configuring MLD and the MLD Message Process 253 Multicast Listener Discovery Joining a Group and Forwarding Traffic 255 Leaving a MLD Group 258 Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) Snooping 258 Configuring MLD Snooping 259 IPv6 Layer 3 Multicast and Protocol Independent Multicast 6 (PIM6) 261 PIM6 Static mroute Entries 268 PIM6 Group Modes 269 Summary 282 Chapter 7 Operating and Troubleshooting IP Multicast Networks 283 Multicast Troubleshooting Logic 283 Multicast Troubleshooting Methodology 283 Baseline Check: Source and Receiver Verification 287 State Verification 293 RP Control-Plane Check 294 Hop-by-Hop State Validation 299 Overview of Common Tools for Multicast Troubleshooting 303 Ping Test 303 SLA Test 304 Common Multicast Debug Commands 307 debug ip mpacket Command 307 debug ip pim Command 307 debug ip igmp Command 308 Multicast Troubleshooting 309 Multicast Troubleshooting Case Study 310 Baseline Check: Source and Receiver Verification 312 Important Multicast show Commands 326 show ip igmp group Command 326 show ip igmp interface/show igmp interface Commands 326 show ip mroute/show mrib route Command 328 show ip pim interface/show pim interface Commands 330 show ip pim neighbor/show pim neighbor Commands 330 show ip pim rp Command 331 show ip pim rp mapping/show pim rp mapping Commands 332 Summary 333 9781587144592 TOC 9/8/2016.