Introduction xxix Assessment Test xlii Part I Gathering Your Tools 1 Chapter 1 Preparing Your Environment 3 Setting Up a Learning Space 4 Exploring Linux Distributions 8 Locating a Terminal 14 Summary 14 Chapter 2 Sifting Through Services 15 What is a Linux Server? 16 Serving the Basics 19 Serving Local Networks 24 Implementing Security 29 Improving Performance 32 Summary 33 Exam Essentials 34 Review Questions 35 Chapter 3 Managing Files, Directories, and Text 39 Handling Files and Directories 40 Linking Files and Directories 55 Reading Files 59 Finding Information 66 Summary 77 Exam Essentials 77 Review Questions 78 Chapter 4 Searching and Analyzing Text 83 Processing Text Files 84 Redirecting Input and Output 95 Editing Text Files 105 Summary 116 Exam Essentials 117 Review Questions 118 Part II Starting Up and Configuring Your System 123 Chapter 5 Explaining the Boot Process 125 The Linux Boot Process 126 The Firmware Startup 128 Linux Bootloaders 130 System Recovery 137 Summary 141 Exam Essentials 141 Review Questions 143 Chapter 6 Maintaining System Startup and Services 147 Looking at init 148 Managing systemd Systems 149 Managing SysV init Systems 167 Digging Deeper into systemd 176 Summary 179 Exam Essentials 179 Review Questions 181 Chapter 7 Configuring Network Connections 187 Configuring Network Features 188 Basic Network Troubleshooting 201 Advanced Network Troubleshooting 205 Summary 209 Exam Essentials 210 Review Questions 212 Chapter 8 Comparing GUIs 217 Focusing on the GUI 218 Serving Up the GUI 231 Using Remote Desktops 235 Forwarding 240 Summary 245 Exam Essentials 245 Review Questions 247 Chapter 9 Adjusting Localization Options 253 Understanding Localization 254 Setting Your Locale 256 Looking at Time 259 Summary 265 Exam Essentials 266 Review Questions 267 Part III Managing Your System 273 Chapter 10 Administering Users and Groups 275 Managing User Accounts 276 Managing Groups 294 Setting Up the Environment 297 Querying Users 300 Managing Disk Space Usage 304 Summary 308 Exam Essentials 308 Review Questions 310 Chapter 11 Handling Storage 315 Storage Basics 316 Partitioning Tools 318 Understanding Filesystems 323 Formatting Filesystems 326 Mounting Filesystems 329 Managing Filesystems 331 Storage Alternatives 333 Summary 338 Exam Essentials 338 Review Questions 340 Chapter 12 Protecting Files 343 Understanding Backup Types 344 Looking at Compression Methods 346 Comparing Archive and Restore Utilities 349 Securing Offsite/Off-System Backups 362 Checking Backup Integrity 366 Summary 368 Exam Essentials 368 Review Questions 370 Chapter 13 Governing Software 373 Working with Source Code 374 Packaging Applications 380 Summary 392 Exam Essentials 393 Review Questions 394 Chapter 14 Tending Kernel Modules 397 Exploring Kernel Modules 398 Installing Kernel Modules 402 Removing Kernel Modules 404 Summary 405 Exam Essentials 405 Review Questions 407 Part IV Securing Your System 409 Chapter 15 Applying Ownership and Permissions 411 Looking at File and Directory Permissions 412 Access Control Lists 420 Context-Based Permissions 422 Understanding Linux User Types 430 Restricting Users 431 Summary 435 Exam Essentials 436 Review Questions 437 Chapter 16 Looking at Access and Authentication Methods 439 Getting to Know PAM 440 Exploring PKI Concepts 452 Using SSH 455 Using VPN as a Client 468 Summary 469 Exam Essentials 469 Review Questions 471 Chapter 17 Implementing Logging Services 473 Understanding the Importance of Logging 474 Basic Logging Using rsyslog 477 Journaling with systemd-journald 480 Summary 483 Exam Essentials 484 Review Questions 485 Chapter 18 Overseeing Linux Firewalls 487 Providing Access Control 488 Looking at Firewall Technologies 490 Forwarding IP Packets 505 Dynamically Setting Rules 506 Summary 508 Exam Essentials 508 Review Questions 510 Chapter 19 Embracing Best Security Practices 513 User Security 514 System Security 518 Network Security 525 Summary 528 Exam Essentials 528 Review Questions 530 Part V Troubleshooting Your System 533 Chapter 20 Analyzing System Properties and Remediation 535 Troubleshooting the Network 536 Troubleshooting Storage Issues 549 Troubleshooting the CPU 554 Troubleshooting Memory 556 Surviving a Lost root Password 560 Summary 562 Exam Essentials 562 Review Questions 563 Chapter 21 Optimizing Performance 567 Looking at Processes 568 Monitoring Processes in Real Time 570 Managing Processes 573 Summary 577 Exam Essentials 577 Review Questions 579 Chapter 22 Investigating User Issues 581 Troubleshooting Access 582 Examining File Obstacles 588 Exploring Environment and Shell Issues 591 Summary 593 Exam Essentials 593 Review Questions 594 Chapter 23 Dealing with Linux Devices 597 Communicating with Linux Devices 598 Working with Devices 605 Using Hot Pluggable Devices 613 Summary 615 Exam Essentials 616 Review Questions 617 Chapter 24 Troubleshooting Application and Hardware Issues 619 Dealing with Storage Problems 620 Uncovering Application Permission Issues 626 Analyzing Application Dependencies 628 Looking at SELinux Context Violations 633 Exploring Firewall Blockages 633 Troubleshooting Additional Hardware Issues 635 Summary 643 Exam Essentials 643 Review Questions 645 Part VI Automating Your System 649 Chapter 25 Deploying Bash Scripts 651 The Basics of Shell Scripting 652 Advanced Shell Scripting 657 Writing Script Programs 663 Summary 673 Exam Essentials 674 Review Questions 675 Chapter 26 Automating Jobs 677 Running Scripts in Background Mode 678 Running Scripts Without a Console 680 Sending Signals 681 Job Control 683 Running Like Clockwork 687 Summary 692 Exam Essentials 693 Review Questions 694 Chapter 27 Controlling Versions with Git 697 Understanding Version Control 698 Setting Up Your Git Environment 700 Committing with Git 703 Merging Versions 710 Summary 713 Exam Essentials 713 Review Questions 715 Part VII Realizing Virtual and Cloud Environments 717 Chapter 28 Understanding Cloud and Virtualization Concepts 719 Considering Cloud Services 720 Understanding Virtualization 723 Exploring Containers 727 Exercise 729 Summary 730 Exam Essentials 731 Review Questions 732 Chapter 29 Inspecting Cloud and Virtualization Services 735 Focusing on VM Tools 736 Understanding Bootstrapping 740 Exploring Storage Issues 746 Considering Network Configurations 747 Summary 750 Exam Essentials 751 Review Questions 752 Chapter 30 Orchestrating the Environment 755 Understanding Orchestration Concepts 756 Provisioning the Data Center 760 Looking at Container Orchestration Engines 763 Summary 765 Exam Essentials 765 Review Questions 766 Appendix Answers to Review Questions 769 Chapter 2: Sifting Through Services 770 Chapter 3: Managing Files, Directories, and Text 773 Chapter 4: Searching and Analyzing Text 777 Chapter 5: Explaining the Boot Process 781 Chapter 6: Maintaining System Startup and Services 784 Chapter 7: Configuring Network Connections 788 Chapter 8: Comparing GUIs 791 Chapter 9: Adjusting Localization Options 795 Chapter 10: Administering Users and Groups 798 Chapter 11: Handling Storage 801 Chapter 12: Protecting Files 803 Chapter 13: Governing Software 804 Chapter 14: Tending Kernel Modules 806 Chapter 15: Applying Ownership and Permissions 808 Chapter 16: Looking at Access and Authentication Methods 810 Chapter 17: Implementing Logging Services 811 Chapter 18: Overseeing Linux Firewalls 813 Chapter 19: Embracing Best Security Practices 815 Chapter 20: Embracing Best Security Practices 817 Chapter 21: Optimizing Performance 818 Chapter 22: Investigating User Issues 820 Chapter 23: Dealing with Linux Devices 822 Chapter 24: Troubleshooting Application and Hardware Issues 824 Chapter 25: Deploying Bash Scripts 826 Chapter 26: Automating Jobs 827 Chapter 27: Controlling Versions with Git 829 Chapter 28: Understandi.