Chapter 1 - A64.1: Memory, Registers, and Simple Arithmetic 11 Memory and Registers inside an Idealized Computer 11 Memory and Registers inside ARM 64-bit Computer 12 "Arithmetic" Project: Memory Layout and Registers 13 "Arithmetic" Project: A Computer Program 14 "Arithmetic" Project: Assigning Numbers to Memory Locations 15 Assigning Numbers to Registers 18 "Arithmetic" Project: Adding Numbers to Memory Cells 19 Incrementing/Decrementing Numbers in Memory and Registers 22 Multiplying Numbers 25 Chapter 2 - A64.2: Code Optimization 29 "Arithmetic" Project: C/C++ Program 29 Downloading GDB 31 GDB Disassembly Output - No Optimization 32 GDB Disassembly Output - Optimization 37 Chapter 3 - A64.3: Number Representations 39 Numbers and Their Representations 39 Decimal Representation (Base Ten) 40 Ternary Representation (Base Three) 41 Binary Representation (Base Two) 42 Hexadecimal Representation (Base Sixteen) 43 Why are Hexadecimals Used? 44 Chapter 4 - A64.4: Pointers 47 A Definition 47 "Pointers" Project: Memory Layout and Registers 48 "Pointers" Project: Calculations 50 Using Pointers to Assign Numbers to Memory Cells 51 Adding Numbers Using Pointers 58 Incrementing Numbers Using Pointers 62 Multiplying Numbers Using Pointers 65 Chapter 5 - A64.5: Bytes, Half Words, Words, and Double Words 69 Using Hexadecimal Numbers 69 Byte Granularity 70 Bit Granularity 71 Memory Layout 72 Chapter 6 - A64.6: Pointers to Memory 75 Pointers Revisited 75 Addressing Types 76 Registers Revisited 81 NULL Pointers 82 Invalid Pointers 83 Variables as Pointers 84 Pointer Initialization 85 Initialized and Uninitialized Data 86 More Pseudo Notation 87 "MemoryPointers" Project: Memory Layout 88 Chapter 7 - A64.7: Logical Instructions and PC 99 Instruction Format 99 Logical Shift Instructions 100 Logical Operations 101 Zeroing Memory or Registers 102 Instruction Pointer 103 Code Section 105 Chapter 8 - A64.

8: Reconstructing a Program with Pointers 107 Example of Disassembly Output: No Optimization 107 Reconstructing C/C++ Code: Part 1 110 Reconstructing C/C++ Code: Part 2 112 Reconstructing C/C++ Code: Part 3 114 Reconstructing C/C++ Code: C/C++ program 116 Example of Disassembly Output: Optimized Program 117 Chapter 9 - A64.9: Memory and Stacks 119 Stack: A Definition 119 Stack Implementation in Memory 120 Things to Remember 122 Stack Push Implementation 123 Stack Pop Implementation 124 Register Review 125 Application Memory Simplified 126 Stack Overflow 127 Jumps 128 Calls 130 Call Stack 131 Exploring Stack in GDB 133 Chapter 10 - A64.10: Frame Pointer and Local Variables 137 Stack Usage 137 Register Review 138 Addressing Array Elements 139 Stack Structure (No Function Parameters) 140 Function Prolog 141 Raw Stack (No Local Variables and Function Parameters) 142 Function Epilog 144 "Local Variables" Project 145 Disassembly of Optimized Executable 148 Chapter 11- A64.11: Function Parameters 149 "FunctionParameters" Project 149 Stack Structure 150 Function Prolog and Epilog 152 Project Disassembled Code with Comments 154 Parameter Mismatch Problem 158 Chapter 12 - A64.12: More Instructions 159 PSTATE Flags 159 Testing for 0 160 TST - Logical Compare 161 CMP - Compare Two Operands 162 TST or CMP? 163 Conditional Jumps 164 Function Return Value 165 Chapter 13 - A64.13: Function Pointer Parameters 167 "FunctionPointerParameters" Project 167 Commented Disassembly 168 Chapter 14 - A64.14: Summary of Code Disassembly Patterns 173 Function Prolog / Epilog 173 ADR (Address) 174 Passing Parameters 175 Accessing Saved Parameters and Local Variables 176.