Introduction xv Chapter 1 Introduction to Cloud 1 Evolution of the Data Center 1 Data Center Architecture Building Blocks 2 Introduction to Virtualization in the Data Center 4 Evolution of Virtualization 5 Conceptual Architecture of Virtualization 5 Types of Virtualization Technologies 6 Server Virtualization 6 Types of Server Virtualization 8 Storage Virtualization 9 Types of Storage Virtualization 11 Network Virtualization 12 Network Virtualization Evolution 13 Types of Network Virtualization 14 Service Virtualization 15 Introduction to the Multitenant Data Center 16 Introduction to Cloud Services 18 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 18 Platform as a Service (PaaS) 19 Software as a Service (SaaS) 20 Cloud Deployment Models 20 Cloud Design Considerations 21 Domain 1: Infrastructure and Environmental 22 Domain 2: Abstraction and Virtualization 23 Domain 3: Automation and Orchestration 23 Domain 4: Customer Interface 24 Domains 5 and 6: Service Catalog and Financials 24 Domains 7 and 8: Platform and Application 24 Domain 9: Security and Compliance 24 Domain 10: Organization, Governance, and Process 25 Enterprise Connectivity to the Cloud 26 Internet for Transport 26 Direct Connectivity to a Cloud Provider 28 Enterprise Cloud Adoption Challenges 29 Software-Defined Networking 30 Open Networking Foundation 31 OpenDaylight Project 32 Network Function Virtualization 33 OpenStack 34 Summary 35 Chapter 2 Software Evolution of the CSR 1000 37 IOS Software Architecture 37 IOS XE Architecture 39 The IOS XE Kernel 40 The IOS Daemon 40 The Forwarding Manager 41 The Interface Manager 41 The Platform Manager 41 Cisco ASR 1000 System Architecture Overview 41 Route Processor 42 Embedded Service Processor 42 SPA Interface Processor 43 Cloud Service Router 1000V Overview 44 Deployment Requirements 45 Elastic Performance and Scaling 47 Rapid Deployment and Routing Flexibility in the Cloud 49 CSR 1000V Deployment Examples 50 Secure Cloud VPN Gateway 50 Network Extension from Premises to Cloud 51 Segmentation Within a Cloud 52 CSR 1000V Key Features 52 Summary 57 Chapter 3 Hypervisor Considerations for the CSR 59 Understanding Operating Systems 59 Operating System Design 60 Physical Resource Management 60 Software Access to Physical Resources 62 Kernels 63 Microkernels 63 Hybrid Kernels 64 The Cisco IOS Kernel 64 The Boot Process 66 Linux Memory Management 69 Linux Swap Space and Memory Overcommit 69 Linux Caching 71 Understanding Hypervisors 71 How Does a Hypervisor Compare to an Operating System? 72 Type 1 Hypervisor Design 74 Monolithic Architecture 74 Microkernel Architecture 74 Core Partitioning 75 ESXi Hypervisor 75 Architectural Components of ESXi 75 The VMkernel 75 Components of the VMkernel 76 Processes Running on the VMkernel 77 Device Drivers 78 File Systems 79 Management 80 KVM 82 Architectural Components of KVM/QEMU 84 Guest Emulator (QEMU) 85 Management Daemon (Libvirt) 88 User Tools (virsh, virt-manager) 89 Hyper-V 91 Xen 92 Summary 94 Chapter 4 CSR 1000V Software Architecture 95 System Design 95 Virtualizing the ASR 1001 into the CSR 1000V 98 CSR 1000V Initialization Process 99 CSR 1000V Data Plane Architecture 100 CSR 1000V Software Crypto Engine 103 Life of a Packet on a CSR 1000V: The Data Plane 103 Netmap I/O 104 Packet Flow 106 Device Initialization Flow 106 TX Flow 107 RX Flow 108 Unicast Traffic Packet Flow 109 Installing the CSR 1000V on a VMware Hypervisor 110 Bringing Up the VM with the CSR 1000V on ESXi 110 Installing the CSR 1000V on a KVM Hypervisor 126 Bring Up the CSR 1000V as a Guest 126 Performance Tuning of the CSR 1000V 137 Summary 139 Chapter 5 CSR 1000V Deployment Scenarios 141 VPN Services 141 Layer 2 VPNs 141 Layer 3 VPNs 142 Site-to-Site VPNs 143 Remote Access VPNs 147 Use Cases for the CSR 1000V as a VPN Service Gateway 148 Enterprise Data Center Network Extension 148 The CSR 1000V as a VPN Gateway 148 CSR for Secure Inter-Cloud Connectivity 152 Remote VPN Access into the Cloud 153 BGP Route Reflector Use Case for the CSR 155 The CSR 1000V in a Hierarchical Route Reflector Use Case 157 Planning for Future Branch Design with the CSR 1000V 162 Evolution of Branch Virtualization 164 LISP and CSR 168 LISP Terminology 169 The LISP Data Plane 171 The LISP Control Plane 171 Typical LISP Use Cases 175 IP Mobility 175 IPv6 Migration 175 Network-to-Network Connectivity 175 Network-to-Network Interconnection Topology and Configuration 176 Summary 183 Chapter 6 CSR Cloud Deployment Scenarios 185 CSR in a Multitenant Data Center 185 Cloudburst 190 Direct Access Model 191 Redirection Access Model 192 The Cisco Inter-Cloud Fabric 194 Private Cloud Deployment with CSR in OpenStack 195 Introduction to OpenStack 196 Primary Use Case for OpenStack 196 OpenStack Components 197 CSR Within OpenStack 206 CSR 1000V as a Neutron Router 206 CSR 1000V as a Tenant Router 209 CSR 1000V in a Public Cloud 211 Amazon Web Services Deployment for the CSR 211 Amazon Web Service Solutions 211 Routing in AWS Clouds 212 CSR 1000V Deployment in AWS 216 Instantiate a CSR in AWS 217 Summary 222 Chapter 7 CSR in the SDN Framework 223 Deploying OpenStack 225 CSR as an OpenStack Tenant Deployment 235 Instantiate CSR Plugin to OpenStack 242 Summary 245 Chapter 8 CSR 1000V Automation, Orchestration, and Troubleshooting 247 Automation 248 BDEO 248 NSO (Tail-f) 249 NSO Example for NFV Orchestration with OpenStack (Service Chain) 252 Orchestration 267 Virtual Managed Services (VMS) 267 Cisco Prime Network Services Controller (PNSC) 269 CSR 1000V Troubleshooting 271 Architecture Overview 271 I/O Configuration 272 vSwitch 272 PCI Passthrough 274 SR-IOV (Single Root I/O Virtualization) 274 Host Configurations 275 Debugging Packet Loss 276 High-Level Packet Flow 276 ESXi Packet Debugging 289 Summary 292 Appendix A Sample Answer File for Packstack 293 9781587144943 TOC 4/8/2016.