About the Companion Website xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Concepts of Simulation Modeling 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 System Modeling 2 1.2.1 System Concept 2 1.2.2 Modeling Concept 4 1.2.
3 Types of Models 5 1.3 Simulation Modeling 11 1.3.1 Simulation Defined 11 1.3.2 Simulation Taxonomy 12 1.4 The Role of Simulation 15 1.4.
1 Simulation Justified 15 1.4.2 Simulation Applications 16 1.4.3 Simulation Precautions 17 1.5 Simulation Methodology 20 1.5.1 Identify Problem/Opportunity 20 1.
5.2 Develop Solution/Improvement Alternatives 21 1.5.3 Evaluate Solution Alternatives 21 1.5.4 Select the Best Alternative 22 1.5.5 Implement the Selected Alternative 22 1.
6 Steps in a Simulation Study 22 1.6.1 Problem Formulation 23 1.6.2 Setting Study Objectives 23 1.6.3 Conceptual Modeling 25 1.6.
4 Data Collection 26 1.6.5 Model Building 27 1.6.6 Model Verification 30 1.6.7 Model Validation 30 1.6.
8 Model Analysis 31 1.6.9 Study Documentation 32 1.7 Simulation Software 34 1.7.1 WITNESS® Simulation Software 35 1.8 Summary 36 Questions and Exercises 37 Bibliography 38 2 World-Views of Simulation 41 2.1 Overview 41 2.
2 System Modeling with DES 42 2.2.1 System Structure 42 2.2.2 System Layout 43 2.2.3 System Data 43 2.2.
4 System Logic 44 2.2.5 System Statistics 45 2.3 Elements of Discrete Event Simulation (DES) 45 2.3.1 System Entities (EN) 45 2.3.2 System State (S) 46 2.
3.3 State Variables (VR) 46 2.3.4 System Events (E) 47 2.3.5 System Activities (A) 48 2.3.6 System Resources (R) 48 2.
3.7 System Delay (D) 50 2.3.8 System Logic (L) 50 2.4 DES Functionality 51 2.4.1 Discrete-Event Mechanism 52 2.4.
2 Time-Advancement Mechanism 54 2.4.3 Random Sampling Mechanism 55 2.4.4 Statistical Accumulation Mechanism 58 2.4.5 Animation Mechanism 59 2.5 Example of DES Mechanisms 60 2.
6 Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) 65 2.7 Continuous Simulation 68 2.7.1 WITNESS® for Continuous Simulation 69 2.7.2 Hybrid Simulation 69 2.8 WITNESS® World-views of Simulation 70 2.8.
1 Attribute 72 2.8.2 Buffer 72 2.8.3 Carrier 72 2.8.4 Conveyor 73 2.8.
5 Fluid 73 2.8.6 Labor 74 2.8.7 Machine 74 2.8.8 Part 75 2.8.
9 Path 75 2.8.10 Pipe 75 2.8.11 Processor 75 2.8.12 Sections 75 2.8.
13 Station 76 2.8.14 Tank 76 2.8.15 Track 76 2.8.16 Vehicle 76 2.9 Summary 77 Questions and Exercises 78 Bibliography 80 3 WITNESS® Environment 83 3.
1 Overview 83 3.2 The WITNESS® Environment 83 3.3 Menus 85 3.3.1 General Menu Operation 86 3.4 Tool Bars 86 3.4.1 Standard Tool Bar 86 3.
4.2 Views Toolbar 87 3.4.3 Element Tool Bar 89 3.4.4 Model Tool Bar, 92 3.4.5 Assistant Toolbar, 92 3.
4.6 Run Toolbar, 93 3.4.7 Reporting Toolbar, 95 3.4.8 Display Edit Toolbar, 96 3.4.9 Creating a New Toolbar, 99 3.
5 Dialog Boxes and Property Sheets 100 3.5.1 Entry/Field Types 100 3.6 Windows 102 3.7 Layers 103 3.8 The WITNESS® Editor 103 3.8.1 Editor Features 103 3.
8.2 Manipulating a Window 105 3.9 Window Operations 105 3.9.1 Windows Options 105 3.9.2 The Interact Box 106 3.9.
3 The Clock (Time) 107 3.9.4 The Analog Clock 107 3.9.5 Copying, Cutting, and Pasting 107 3.9.6 Copy and Cut Element''s Display or Detail Features 108 3.10 The Help Facility 108 3.
11 The Basic Elements 109 Questions and Exercises 109 Bibliography 110 4 Basic WITNESS® Modeling Techniques 111 4.1 Overview 111 4.2 Step-by-Step Model Building 111 4.3 Modeling a Simple Manufacturing Process 112 4.3.1 Define: Specifying Elements of the Manufacturing Process Simulation Model 114 4.3.2 Detail: Adding Specifications for Elements to the Model 114 4.
3.3 Display: Modifying the Appearance of Elements in the Layout Window 118 4.4 Modeling a Service Process 126 4.4.1 Service Model Example 126 4.5 WITNESS® Code 141 4.6 An Extended Example 141 Questions and Exercises 143 Bibliography 146 5 Modeling Material Handling Systems 149 5.1 Overview 149 5.
2 Material Handling Systems 149 5.3 Material Handling Systems in WITNESS® 150 5.4 Modeling Conveyors 152 5.5 Modeling Paths for Labor and Parts Transit 156 5.6 Modeling Vehicles and Tracks 161 5.7 Modeling Power-&-Free Systems 167 Questions and Exercises 176 Bibliography 176 6 Basic Probability and Statistics for Simulation 179 6.1 Overview 179 6.2 Random Variables (RVs) 179 6.
2.1 Examples of Discrete Random Variables 180 6.2.2 Examples of Continuous Random Variables 181 6.3 Point Estimation 182 6.4 Confidence Intervals for the Population Mean 182 6.5 Confidence Intervals for the Population Variance and Standard Deviation 184 6.6 Sample Size Determination when Estimating Population Mean 185 6.
7 Theoretical Probability Distributions 186 6.7.1 The Uniform Distribution 187 6.7.2 The Normal Distribution 187 6.7.3 The Exponential Distribution 190 6.7.
4 The Erlang Distribution 190 6.7.5 The Gamma Distribution 192 6.7.6 The Weibull Distribution 193 6.7.7 Triangular Distribution 193 Questions and Exercises 197 Bibliography 198 7 Simulation Input Modeling 199 7.1 Overview 199 7.
2 Determining Data Requirements 200 7.3 Methods of Data Collection 202 7.4 Representing Collected Data 211 7.5 Validating Collected Data 213 7.5.1 Filtering the Data from Outliers and Wrong Measures 215 7.5.2 Testing the Data for Independence 215 7.
5.3 Testing if Data are Identically Distributed 218 7.6 Fitting Probability Distributions to Collected Data 219 7.6.1 Using Empirical Distributions 225 7.7 WITNESS® Input Modeling 226 7.7.1 WITNESS® RNG 227 7.
7.2 Incorporating Collected Data in WITNESS® 229 7.7.3 Using Databases with WITNESS® 233 7.8 Practical Aspects of Input Modeling 234 7.8.1 Example of Input Modeling: Auto Service Center 236 7.8.
2 Example of Input Modeling: ER Simulation 243 7.9 Summary 249 Questions and Exercises 249 Bibliography 252 8 Simulation Output Analysis 253 8.1 Overview 253 8.2 Terminating Versus Steady-State Simulation 254 8.2.1 Terminating Simulation 254 8.2.2 Steady-State Simulation 257 8.
3 Determining Simulation Run Controls 259 8.3.1 Determining Warm-Up Period 260 8.3.2 Determining Simulation Run Length 263 8.3.3 Determining the Number of Simulation Runs 266 8.4 Variability in Simulation Outputs 267 8.
4.1 Variance Reduction Techniques 269 8.5 Simulation Output Analysis 270 8.5.1 Statistical Analysis of Simulation Outputs 272 8.5.2 Experimental Design 285 8.6 Example: Output Analyses of a Clinic Simulation 291 8.
7 WITNESS® Modules for Simulation Output Analysis 296 8.7.1 WITNESS® Outputs and Charts 296 8.7.2 WITNESS® Costing 297 8.7.3 WITNESS® Scenario Manager 299 8.7.
4 WITNESS® Documentor 299 8.7.5 WITNESS® Optimizer 300 8.8 Summary 300 Questions and Exercises 301 Bibliography 303 9 Model Verification and Validation Techniques 305 9.1 Overview 305 9.2 Model Verification Techniques 306 9.2.1 Verifying Model Inputs 308 9.
2.2 Verifying Model Logic 309 9.2.3 Verifying Model Outputs 314 9.3 Model Validation Techniques 314 9.3.1 Validating Model Inputs 316 9.3.
2 Validating Model Behavior 318 9.3.3 Validating Model Outputs 319 9.4 Verifying WITNESS® Models 320 9.5 Summary 330 Question and Exercise 330 Bibliography 332 10 Simulation Project Management 331 10.1 Overview 331 10.2 Define the Problem 332 10.2.
1 Define the Objectives of the Study 332 10.2.2 List the Specific Issues to Be Addressed 334 10.2.3 Determine the Boundary or Domain of the Study 334 10.2.4 Determine the Level of Detail or Proper Abstraction Level 334 10.2.
5 Determine if a Simulation Model is Actually Needed 335 10.2.6 Estimate the Required Resources Needed to Do the Study 335 10.2.7 Perform a Cost-Benefit Analysis 335 10.2.8 Create a Planning Chart of the Proposed Project 336 10.2.
9 Write a Formal Proposal 336 10.3 Design the Study 337 10.3.1 Estimate the Life Cycle of the Model 338 10.3.2 List Broad Assumptions 338 10.3.3 Estimate the Number of Models Required 338 10.
3.4 Determine the Animation Requirements 338 10.3.5 Select the Tool 339 10.3.6 Determine the Level of Data Available and What Data is Needed 339 10.3.7 Determine the Human Requirements and Skill Levels 339 10.
3.8 Determine the Audience (Levels of Management) 340 10.3.9 Identify the Deliverables 340 10.3.10 Determine the Priority of the Study in Relationship to Other Studies 340 10.3.11 Set Milestone Dates 341 10.
3.12 Write the Project Functional Specifications 341 10.4 Design the Conceptual Model 341 10.4.1 Decide on Continuous, Dis.