Preface xxi Part I: Bioplastics, Synthesis and Process Technology 1 1 An Introduction to Engineering Applications of Bioplastics 3 Andreea Irina Barzic 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Classification of Bioplastics 4 1.3 Physical Properties 5 1.3.1 Rheological Properties 5 1.3.2 Optical Properties 6 1.

3.3 Mechanical and Thermal Properties 7 1.3.4 Electrical Properties 7 1.4 Applications of Bioplastics in Engineering 8 1.4.1 Bioplastics Applications in Sensors 8 1.4.

2 Bioplastics Applications in Energy Sector 10 1.4.3 Bioplastics Applications in Bioengineering 12 1.4.4 Bioplastics Applications in "Green" Electronics 13 1.5 Conclusions 16 Acknowledgement 17 Dedication 17 References 17 2 Biobased Materials: Types and Sources 23 Kushairi Mohd Salleh, Amalia Zulkifli, Nyak Syazwani Nyak Mazlan and Sarani Zakaria 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Biodegradable Biobased Material 25 2.

2.1 Polysaccharides 25 2.2.2 Starch 26 2.2.3 Polylactic Acid 28 2.2.4 Cellulose 29 2.

2.5 Esters 30 2.2.6 Ether 31 2.2.7 Chitosan 32 2.2.8 Alginate 33 2.

2.9 Proteins 35 2.2.10 Gluten 36 2.2.11 Gelatine 37 2.2.12 Casein 38 2.

2.13 Lipid 39 2.2.14 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 40 2.3 Nonbiodegradable Biobased Material 41 2.3.1 Polyethylene (PE) 41 2.3.

2 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 42 2.3.3 Polyamide (PA) 43 2.4 Conclusion 44 Acknowledgment 45 References 45 3 Bioplastic From Renewable Biomass 49 N.B. Singh, Anindita De, Saroj K. Shukla and Mridula Guin 3.1 Introduction 49 3.

2 Plastics and Bioplastics 50 3.2.1 Plastics 50 3.2.2 Bioplastics 51 3.3 Classification of Bioplastics 51 3.4 Bioplastic Production 53 3.4.

1 Biowaste to Bioplastic 53 3.4.1.1 Lipid Rich Waste 53 3.4.2 Milk Industry Waste 54 3.4.3 Sugar Industry Waste 54 3.

4.4 Spent Coffee Beans Waste 55 3.4.5 Bioplastic Agro-Forestry Residue 55 3.4.6 Bioplastic from Microorganism 56 3.4.7 Biomass-Based Polymers 57 3.

4.7.1 Biomass-Based Monomers for Polymerization Process 57 3.5 Characterization of Bioplastics 58 3.6 Applications of Bioplastics 60 3.6.1 Food Packaging 60 3.6.

2 Agricultural Applications 60 3.6.3 Biomedical Applications 63 3.7 Bioplastic Waste Management Strategies 65 3.7.1 Recycling of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) 65 3.7.1.

1 Mechanical Recycling of PLA 65 3.7.1.2 Chemical Recycling of PLA 65 3.7.2 Recycling of Poly Hydroxy Alkanoates (PHAs) 67 3.7.3 Landfill 68 3.

7.4 Incineration 68 3.7.5 Composting 68 3.7.6 Anaerobic Digestion 68 3.7.6.

1 Anaerobic Digestion of Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) 69 3.7.6.2 Anaerobic Digestion of Poly(Lactic Acid) 69 3.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects 70 References 71 4 Modeling of Natural Fiber-Based Biocomposites 81 Fatima-Zahra Semlali Aouragh Hassani, Mounir El Achaby, Abou el Kacem Qaiss and Rachid Bouhfid 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Generality of Biocomposites 82 4.2.

1 Natural Matrix 83 4.2.2 Natural Reinforcement 84 4.2.3 Natural Fiber Classification 84 4.2.4 Biocomposites Processing 85 4.2.

4.1 Extrusion and Injection 85 4.2.4.2 Compression Molding 86 4.2.5 RTM-Resin Transfer Molding 86 4.2.

6 Hand Lay-Up Technique 86 4.3 Parameters Affecting the Biocomposites Properties 87 4.3.1 Fiber''s Aspect Ratio 87 4.3.2 Fiber/Matrix Interfacial Adhesion 88 4.3.3 Fibers Orientation and Dispersion 89 4.

3.3.1 Short Fibers Orientation 89 4.3.3.2 Fiber''s Orientation in Simple Shear Flow 90 4.3.3.

3 Fiber''s Orientation in Elongational Flow 90 4.4 Process Molding of Biocomposites 92 4.4.1 Unidirectional Fibers 93 4.4.1.1 Classical Laminate Theory 93 4.4.

1.2 Rule of Mixture 93 4.4.1.3 Halpin-Tsai Model 95 4.4.1.4 Hui-Shia Model 95 4.

4.2 Random Fibers 96 4.4.2.1 Hirsch Model 96 4.4.2.2 Self-Consistent Approach (Modified Hirsch Model) 97 4.

4.2.3 Tsai-Pagano Model 97 4.5 Conclusion 97 References 98 5 Process Modeling in Biocomposites 103 Joy Hoskeri H., Nivedita Pujari S. and Arun K. Shettar 5.1 Introduction 103 5.

2 Biopolymer Composites 104 5.2.1 Natural Fiber-Based Biopolymer Composites 104 5.2.2 Applications of Biopolymer Composites 105 5.2.3 Properties of Biopolymer Composites 107 5.3 Classification of Biocomposites 108 5.

3.1 PLA Biocomposites 109 5.3.2 Nanobiocomposites 109 5.3.3 Hybrid Biocomposites 109 5.3.4 Natural Fiber-Based Composites 109 5.

4 Process Modeling of Biocomposite Models 110 5.4.1 Compression Moulding 110 5.4.2 Injection Moulding 111 5.4.3 Extrusion Method 112 5.5 Formulation of Models 112 5.

5.1 Types of Model 113 5.6 Conclusion 113 References 115 6 Microbial Technology in Bioplastic Production and Engineering 121 Dileep Francis and Deepu Joy Parayil 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Fundamental Principles of Microbial Bioplastic Production 123 6.3 Bioplastics Obtained Directly from Microorganisms 125 6.3.1 Pha 125 6.

3.2 Poly (γ-Glutamic Acid) (PGA) 129 6.4 Bioplastics from Microbial Monomers 130 6.4.1 Bioplastics from Aliphatic Monomers 130 6.4.1.1 Pla 130 6.

4.1.2 Poly (Butylene Succinate) 133 6.4.1.3 Biopolyamides (Nylons) 134 6.4.1.

4 1, 3-Propanediol (PDO) 137 6.4.2 Bioplastics from Aromatic Monomers 137 6.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioplastic Production 138 6.6 Conclusion 140 References 140 7 Synthesis of Green Bioplastics 149 J.E. Castanheiro, P.A.

Mourão and I. Cansado 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Bioplastic 150 7.2.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 150 7.2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 151 7.

2.3 Cellulose 152 7.2.4 Starch 153 7.3 Renewable Raw Material to Produce Bioplastic 153 7.3.1 Raw Material from Agriculture 153 7.3.

2 Organic Waste as Resources for Bioplastic Production 153 7.3.3 Algae as Resources for Bioplastic Production 153 7.3.4 Wastewater as Resources for Bioplastic Production 154 7.4 Bioplastics Applications 155 7.4.1 Food Industry 155 7.

4.2 Agricultural Applications 156 7.4.3 Medical Applications 156 7.4.4 Other Applications 156 7.5 Conclusions 156 References 157 8 Natural Oil-Based Sustainable Materials for a Green Strategy 161 Figen Balo, Berrak Aksakal , Lutfu S. Sua and Zeliha Mahmat 8.

1 Introduction 161 8.2 Methodology 164 8.2.1 Entropy Methodology 165 8.2.2 Copras Methodology 167 8.3 Conclusions 171 References 172 Part II: Applications of Bioplastics in Health and Hygiene 175 9 Biomedical Applications of Bioplastics 177 Syed Tareq, Jaison Jeevanandam, Caleb Acquah and Michael K. Danquah 9.

1 Introduction 177 9.2 Synthesis of Bioplastics 180 9.2.1 Starch-Based Bioplastics 181 9.2.2 Cellulose-Based Bioplastics 181 9.2.3 Chitin and Chitosan 181 9.

2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 181 9.2.5 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 182 9.2.6 Bioplastics from Microalgae 182 9.3 Properties of Bioplastics 183 9.3.

1 Material Strength 183 9.3.2 Electrical, Mechanical, and Optical Behavior of Bioplastic 184 9.4 Biological Properties of Bioplastics 184 9.5 Biomedical Applications of Bioplastics 185 9.5.1 Antimicrobial Property 185 9.5.

2 Biocontrol Agents 187 9.5.3 Pharmaceutical Applications of Bioplastics 187 9.5.4 Implantation 188 9.5.5 Tissue Engineering Applications 189 9.5.

6 Memory Enhancer 189 9.6 Limitations 190 9.7 Conclusion 191 References 191 10 Applications of Bioplastics in Hygiene Cosmetic 199 Anuradha and Jagvir Singh 10.1 Introduction 199 10.2 The Need to Find an Alternative to Plastic 200 10.3 Bioplastics 201 10.3.1 Characteristic of Bioplastics 201 10.

3.2 Types (Classification) 202 10.3.3 Uses of Bioplastics 202 10.4 Resources of Bioplastic 202 10.4.1 Polysaccharides 202 10.4.

2 Starch or Amylum 202 10.4.3 Cellulose 203 10.4.3.1 Source of Cellulose 204 10.5 Use of Biodegradable Materials in Packaging 204 10.6 Bionanocomposite 204 10.

7 Hygiene Cosmetic Packaging 206 10.8 Conclusion 206 References 207 11 Biodegradable Polymers in Drug Delivery 211 Ariane Regina Souza Rossin, Fabiana Cardoso Lima, Camila Cassia Cordeiro, Erica Fernanda Poruczinski, Josiane Caetano and Douglas Cardoso Dragunski 11.1 Introduction 211 11.2 Biodegradable Polymer (BP) 212 11.2.1 Natural 212 11.2.1.

1 Polysaccharides 213 11.2.1.2 Proteins 214 11.2.2 Synthetic 214 11.2.2.

1 Polyesters 215 11.2.2.2 Polyanhydrides 215 11.2.2.3 Polycarbonates 216 11.2.

2.4 Polyphosphazenes 216 11.2.2.5 Polyurethanes 216 11.3 Device Types 217 11.3.1 Three-Dimensional Printing Devices 217 11.

3.1.1 Implants 217 11.3.1.2 Tablets 217 11.3.1.

3 Microneedles 218 11.3.1.4 Nanofibers 218 11.3.2 Nanocarriers 218 11.3.2.

1 Nanoparticl.