List of Abbreviations xvii Preface xxii About the Companion Website xxv 1 The Role of Packaging in Sustainable Development 1 1.1 Learning Objectives 1 1.2 Introduction 1 1.3 Packaging and Sustainable Development 1 1.4 Sustainability 5 1.5 Sustainability Timeline 7 1.6 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs) 11 1.7 Sustainability Indicators (SIs) 21 1.
8 Life Cycle Thinking 23 1.9 Circular Economy 25 1.10 Packaging for Sustainable Development 26 1.11 Sustainable Packaging Organizations around the World and Their Criteria 28 1.12 Tools to Evaluate Sustainable Packaging 29 1.13 Case Study 1.1. The Living Planet Index (LPI) 30 1.
14 Case Study 1.2. Doughnut Economics 31 1.15 Study Questions 32 1.16 Additional Resources 33 References 34 2 Design Thinking: The Packaging Design Process 37 Euihark Lee 2.1 Learning Objectives 37 2.2 Introduction 37 2.2.
1 Creativity vs. Innovation 37 2.2.2 Design of Packaging for Sustainability 39 2.3 The Design Thinking Process 40 2.3.1 What Is Design Thinking? 40 2.3.
2 The Five Stages of Design Thinking 41 2.4 Tools for Thinking about Innovation 42 2.4.1 Empathy Mapping 42 2.4.2 Mind Map 43 2.4.3 Brainstorming 44 2.
5 Packaging Design Process 44 2.5.1 Applying the Design Process to the Packaging System 44 2.5.2 Material Selection 45 2.5.3 Determining Packaging Features 46 2.5.
4 Design Shape 47 2.5.5 Color and Packaging 49 2.5.6 Graphics in Packaging 50 2.5.7 Packaging Design Tools 52 2.6 Case Study 2.
1. Heinz Single-serve Ketchup Dip and Squeeze 54 2.7 Case Study 2.2. Design for Recyclability 57 2.8 Study Questions 59 2.9 Additional Resources 59 References 59 3 Packaging in the Upstream and Downstream Supply Chains 63 3.1 Learning Objectives 63 3.
2 Introduction 63 3.3 Resource Use 64 3.4 Packaging Materials 64 3.4.1 Metal 65 3.4.2 Glass 67 3.4.
3 Wood 69 3.4.4 Paper and Paperboard 70 3.4.5 Plastics 71 3.5 Energy 74 3.5.1 Nonrenewables 75 3.
5.1.1 Petroleum 76 3.5.1.2 Coal 77 3.5.1.
3 Natural Gas 77 3.5.1.4 Nuclear 78 3.5.2 Renewables 78 3.5.2.
1 Biomass 78 3.5.2.2 Hydropower 79 3.5.2.3 Wind 79 3.5.
2.4 Solar Energy 79 3.5.2.5 Geothermal Energy 79 3.6 Components of the Packaging System 80 3.6.1 Primary Packaging 80 3.
6.2 Secondary Packaging 80 3.6.3 Tertiary or Distribution Packaging 80 3.7 Parameters for Quantifying the Environmental Footprint (EFP) of Packaging Systems 81 3.8 Case Study 3.1. Cube Efficiency Estimation Using CAPE® 82 3.
9 Study Questions 83 3.10 Additional Resources 85 References 85 4 Pollution and Risk Management 87 4.1 Learning Objectives 87 4.2 Introduction 87 4.3 Pollution Science 88 4.4 Risk Assessment and Management 89 4.4.1 Exposure Assessment 91 4.
4.2 Hazard Identification 93 4.4.3 Dose-Response Assessment 94 4.4.4 Risk Characterization 97 4.4.4.
1 Carcinogenic Risks 97 4.4.4.2 Noncarcinogenic Risks 99 4.5 Ecological Risk Assessment 100 4.6 Microbial Risk Assessment 101 4.7 Case Study 4.1.
Estimation of the Health Risk of Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) 101 4.8 Study Questions 102 4.9 Additional Resources 102 References 102 5 Soil Pollution 105 5.1 Learning Objectives 105 5.2 Introduction 105 5.3 Surface Mining 105 5.4 Deforestation 106 5.5 Soil Acidity and Salinity 107 5.
6 Soil Erosion 108 5.7 Agricultural Activities 108 5.8 Animal Waste 111 5.9 Industrial Waste 112 5.10 Invasive Species 113 5.11 Case Study 5.1. Kudzu as Invasive Species in the Southern US 113 5.
12 Study Questions 114 5.13 Additional Resources 114 References 114 6 Water Pollution 117 6.1 Learning Objectives 117 6.2 Introduction 117 6.3 Groundwater 119 6.3.1 Point-Source Contamination 121 6.3.
1.1 Hazardous Organic Chemicals 125 6.3.1.2 Landfill 125 6.3.2 Diffuse Source Contamination 126 6.3.
2.1 Agrochemical Contamination 126 6.3.2.2 Saltwater Intrusion 127 6.3.2.3 Microbial Contamination 128 6.
3.2.4 Gasoline Additives 129 6.3.2.5 Perchlorate 129 6.3.2.
6 Arsenic 130 6.3.2.7 Acid-Mine Drainage 130 6.4 Surface Water 130 6.4.1 Marine Water Resources 130 6.4.
2 Sources of Water Pollution 131 6.4.3 Sediments as Surface Water Contaminants 131 6.4.4 Metals as Surface Water Contaminants 132 6.4.4.1 Mercury 132 6.
4.4.2 Arsenic 132 6.4.4.3 Chromium 132 6.4.4.
4 Selenium 133 6.4.5 Nutrients and Eutrophication of Surface Waters 133 6.4.6 Organic Compounds in Water 134 6.4.7 Enteric Pathogens as Surface Water Contaminants 134 6.5 Groundwater and Surface Water Legislation 135 6.
5.1 Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) 136 6.6 Case Study 6.1. Pine River Contamination Site 136 6.7 Case Study 6.2. The Flint Water Crisis 145 6.
8 Study Questions 145 6.9 Additional Resources 146 References 146 7 Air Pollution 149 7.1 Learning Objectives 149 7.2 Introduction 149 7.3 Primary Air Pollutants 151 7.3.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 151 7.3.
2 Hydrocarbons (HCs) 152 7.3.3 Particulate Matter (PM) 152 7.3.4 Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2) 153 7.3.5 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 154 7.3.
6 Lead (Pb) 154 7.4 Secondary Pollutants 156 7.5 Clean Air Act 158 7.6 Case Study 7.1. Air Quality in Delhi, India, in Winter 161 7.7 Case Study 7.2.
Air Quality in the US in Summer 163 7.8 Study Questions 163 7.9 Additional Resources 164 References 164 8 Global Climate Change 167 8.1 Learning Objectives 167 8.2 Introduction 167 8.3 Greenhouse Gases 169 8.4 Impacts on Global Climate 173 8.5 Climate Change Agreements 174 8.
6 Case Study 8.1. History of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 175 8.7 Study Questions 176 8.8 Additional Resources 176 References 177 9 Life Cycle Assessment 179 9.1 Learning Objectives 179 9.2 Introduction 179 9.3 Provisions of LCA Study 181 9.
4 Different Approaches to Conduct LCI Studies 183 9.5 Steps of an LCA Study 184 9.5.1 Goal and Scope Definition of an LCA 185 9.5.2 Function, Functional Unit, and Reference Flow 188 9.5.3 Life Cycle Inventory Modeling Framework 190 9.
5.3.1 Flows and Multifunctionality 190 9.5.3.2 Completeness/Cut-off and Loops 199 9.5.3.
3 Provisions for LCI according to Situations A, B, and C of LCA 200 9.5.4 Impact Assessment 200 9.5.5 Interpretation 203 9.5.5.1 Evaluation of the Results 203 9.
5.5.2 Analysis of the Results 203 9.5.5.3 Formulation of Conclusions and Recommendations 207 9.6 LCA Software 207 9.7 Case Study 9.
1. LCA Study of Beverage Packaging Systems 207 9.8 Study Questions 213 9.9 Additional Resources 214 References 214 10 Municipal Solid Waste 217 10.1 Learning Objectives 217 10.2 Introduction 217 10.3 World Picture of Municipal Solid Waste 218 10.4 Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) 218 10.
5 Municipal Solid Waste in the US 223 10.6 Municipal Solid Waste in Different US States 225 10.7 Municipal Solid Waste Management Approaches 227 10.8 Case Study 10.1 - Environmental Footprint of PET Bottles Managed According to the US EPA Waste Management Hierarchy 229 10.9 Study Questions 230 10.10 Additional Resources 230 References 231 11 Reduction 233 11.1 Learning Objectives 233 11.
2 Introduction 233 11.3 Reduction 234 11.4 Reduction in Packaging 234 11.4.1 Glass 235 11.4.2 Metal 235 11.4.
3 Paper, Paperboard, and Corrugated Board 236 11.4.4 Plastic 237 11.5 Case Study 11.1. Bacon Packaging 239 11.6 Study Questions 244 11.7 Additional Resources 244 References 245 12 Reuse 247 12.
1 Learning Objectives 247 12.2 Introduction 247 12.3 Reuse 248 12.4 Reuse in Packaging 250 12.4.1 Metal 252 12.4.2 Glass 253 12.
4.3 Paper, Paperboard, and Corrugated Board 254 12.4.4 Plastic 254 12.5 Case Study 12.1. Reusable Cups 256 12.6 Case Study 12.
2. Reusable Plastic Containers (RPC) 257 12.7 Study Questions 259 12.8 Additional Resources 259 References 260 13 Recycling 263 13.1 Learning Objectives 263 13.2 Introduction 263 13.3 Requirements for Successful Recycling 265 13.3.
1 Consumer Engagement 265 13.3.1.1 Motivation 265 13.3.1.2 Convenience 267 13.3.
1.3 Education/Publicity 268 13.3.2 Collection 269 13.3.2.1 Curbside Collection 270 13.3.
2.2 Multidwelling Collection 270 13.3.2.3 Drop-off Sites 271 13.3.2.4 Deposit Systems 271 13.
3.3 Sortation 277 13.3.4 Reprocessing 279 13.3.5 End Markets 279 13.4 Recycling of Packaging Materials 280 13.4.
1 Closed- and Open-Loop Recycling 281 13.5 Metal Recycling 285 13.5.1 Steel Recycling 286 13.5.2 Aluminum R.