CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE PART I DIGITALIZATION OF PIPELINES 1 Digital Future of Pipeline Integrity Gaurav Singh 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Digital Integrity Framework 1.3 Fast Forward Digital Future Technologies 1.4 Technology Transition with Energy Transition References 2 Cybersecurity and Safety Implications of Pipelines Ben Miller and Jason Christopher 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Defining Industrial Cybersecurity 2.3 The Industrial Cybersecurity Challenge 2.
4 Industrial Intrusion Case Studies - A Short History 2.5 Industrial Cybersecurity Considerations for Pipeline Operations 2.6 The Five ICS Cybersecurity Critical Controls 2.7 Getting Started: Common High-Impact Scenarios for Pipeline Operations 2.8 Conclusion References 3 Practical Applications of Machine Learning to Pipeline Integrity Michael Gloven 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Machine Learning Fundamentals 3.3 Supervised Learning - Classification 3.
4 Supervised Learning - Regression 3.5 Unsupervised Learning 3.6 Final Thoughts 3.7 Summary References Bibliography 4 Pipeline Corrosion Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning Khairul Chowdhury, Binder Singh, and Shahidullah Kawsar 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Background 4.3 Analysis Tool: Automated Predictive Analytics Computation Systems 4.4 Problem Example: Predicting Failure by External and Internal Corrosion 4.
5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References PART II DESIGN 5 CO2 Pipeline Transportation: Managing the Safe Repurposing of Vintage Pipelines in a Low-Carbon Economy Daniel Sandana 5.1 Introduction 5.2 CCUS: An Enabler of Decarbonization 5.3 Transportation of CO2 by Pipeline: Operations 5.4 CO2 Pipeline Transportation: Key Integrity Challenges 5.5 Managing the Safe Repurposing of Vintage Pipelines References 6 Pipeline Integrity Management Systems (PIMS) Katherine Jonsson, Ray Goodfellow, Douglas Evans, and Chitman Lutchman 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Lessons Learned and the Evolution of Pipeline Integrity 6.
3 Regulatory Requirements 6.4 What is a PIMS? 6.5 Core Structure and PIMS Elements 6.6 PIMS Function Map 6.7 Plan: Strategic and Operational 6.8 Do: Execute 6.9 Check: Assurance and Verification 6.10 Act: Management Review 6.
11 Culture 6.12 Summary References 7 SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Rumi Mohammad, Ian Verhappen, and Ramin Vali 7.1 Introduction 7.2 SCADA Computer Servers 7.3 SCADA Computer Workstations 7.4 Hierarchy 7.5 Runtime and Configuration Databases 7.6 Fault Tolerance 7.
7 Redundancy 7.8 High Availability 7.9 Human Factors Design in SCADA Systems 7.10 Alarm Rationalization, Management, and Analysis 7.11 Incident Review and Replay 7.12 Data Quality 7.13 Operator Logbook and Shift Handover 7.14 Training 7.
15 SCADA Security 7.16 Cybersecurity 7.17 SCADA Standards 7.18 Pipeline Industry Applications 7.19 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence 7.20 Communication Media 7.21 Communications Infrastructure 7.22 Communications Integrity 7.
23 RTUs and PLCs 7.24 Database 7.25 User-Defined Programs 7.26 RTU/PLC Integrity 7.27 Safety Systems 7.28 IOT/IIOT 7.29 Electrical Classification Compliance Acronyms, Abbreviations, Terms Bibliography 8 Material Selection for Fracture Control William Tyson 8.1 Overview of Fracture Control 8.
2 Toughness Requirements: Initiation 8.3 Toughness Requirements: Propagation 8.4 Toughness Measurement 8.5 Current Status References 9 Strain-Based Design of Pipelines Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi 9.1 Introduction and Basic Concepts 9.2 Strain Demand 9.3 Strain Capacity 9.4 Role of Full-Scale and Curved Wide Plate Testing 9.
5 Summary References 10 Stress-Based Design of Pipelines Mavis Sika Okyere 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Design Pressure 10.3 Design Factor 10.4 Determination of Components of Stress 10.5 Fatigue 10.6 Expansion and Flexibility 10.7 Corrosion Allowance 10.
8 Pipeline Stiffness 10.9 Pipeline Ovality 10.10 Minimum Pipe Bend Radius 10.11 Pipeline Design for External Pressure 10.12 Check for Hydrotest Conditions 10.13 Summary Appendix 10.A: Case Study References 11 Spiral Welded Pipes for Shallow Offshore Applications Ayman Eltaher 11.1 Introduction 11.
2 Limitations of the Technology Feasibility 11.3 Challenges of Offshore Applications 11.4 Typical Pipe Properties 11.5 Technology Qualification 11.6 Additional Resources 11.7 Summary References 12 Residual Stress in Pipelines Douglas Hornbach and Paul Prevéy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Influence of Residual Stresses on Performance 12.
3 Residual Stress Measurement 12.4 Control and Alteration of Residual Stresses 12.5 Case Studies of the Effect of Residual Stress and Cold Work References 13 Pipeline/Soil Interaction Modeling in Support of Pipeline Engineering Design and Integrity Shawn Kenny and Paul Jukes 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Site Characterization and Geotechnical Engineering in Relation to Pipeline System Response Analysis 13.3 Pipeline/Soil Interaction Analysis and Design Acknowledgments References 14 Human Factors Lorna Harron 14.1 Introduction 14.2 What Is "Human Factors"? 14.
3 The Human in the System 14.4 Life Cycle Approach to Human Factors 14.5 Human Factors and Decision Making 14.6 Application of Human Factors Guidance 14.7 Heuristics and Biases in Decision Making 14.8 Human Factors Contribution to Incidents in the Pipeline Industry 14.9 Human Factors Life Cycle Revisited 14.10 Tools and Methods 14.
11 Summary References Bibliography PART III NONMETALLIC PIPELINES 15 Nonmetallic Composite Pipelines Niels Grigat, Stephan Koß, Ben Vollbrecht, Tim Mölling, Johannes Henrich Schleifenbaum, and Thomas Gries 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Materials 15.3 Manufacturing 15.4 Applications 15.5 Conclusion References PART IV MANUFACTURE, FABRICATION, AND CONSTRUCTION 16 Microstructure and Texture Development in Pipeline Steels Roumen H. Petrov, John J. Jonas, Leo A.
I. Kestens, and J. Malcolm Gray 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Short History of Pipeline Steel Development 16.3 Texture Control in Pipeline Steels 16.4 Effect of Texture on In-Plane Anisotropy 16.5 Summary Acknowledgments References 17 Pipe Manufacture--Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welded Large Diameter Pipe Christoph Kalwa 17.
1 Introduction 17.2 Manufacturing Process 17.3 Quality Control Procedures 17.4 Range of Grades and Dimensions 17.5 Typical Fields of Application 18 Pipe Manufacture - Spiral Pipe Franz Martin Knoop 18.1 Manufacturing Process 18.2 Quality Control Procedures 18.3 Range of Grades and Dimensions 18.
4 Typical Fields of Applicability References 19 Pipe Manufacture--Seamless Tube and Pipe Rolf Kümmerling and Klaus Kraemer 19.1 The Rolling Process 19.2 Further Processing References 20 Design of Steels for Large Diameter Sour Service Pipelines Nobuyuki Ishikawa 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of Linepipe Steel and Evaluation Method 20.3 Material Design of Linepipe Steel with HIC Resistance 20.4 Material Design of Linepipe Steel with SSC Resistance under Severe Sour Conditions References 21 Pipeline Welding from the Perspective of Safety and Integrity David Dorling and James Gianetto 21.1 Introduction 21.
2 Construction Welding Applications 21.2.1 Double-Joint Welding 21.2.2 Mainline Welding 21.2.3 Tie-In and Repair Welding 21.3 Non-destructive Inspection and Flaw Assessment 21.
4 Welding Procedure and Welder Qualification 21.5 Hydrogen Control in Welds and the Prevention of Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking 21.6 Important Considerations for Qualifying Welding Procedures to a Strain-Based Design 21.7 Welding on In-Service Pipelines 21.8 Pipeline Incidents and Recent Industry and Regulatory Preventative Action Appendix 21.A: Abbreviations Used in This Chapter Appendix 21.B: Regulations, Codes, and Standards Acknowledgements References 22 The Effect of Installation on Offshore Pipeline Integrity Robert O''Grady 22.1 Introduction 22.
2 Installation Methods and Pipeline Behaviour During Installation 22.3 Critical Factors Governing Installation 22.4 Installation Analysis and Design Methodologies 22.5 Monitoring the Installation Process Offshore 22.6 Implications of Deeper Water on Installation Reference Bibliography PART V THREATS TO INTEGRITY AND SAFETY 23 Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC): Causes and Mechanisms Aisha H. Al-Moubaraki and.