1. Understanding Ancient Fortifications: Between Regionality and Connectivity - An IntroductionAriane Ballmer, Manuel Fernandez-Götz and Dirk Paul Mielke 2. Environmental and cultural factors in the development of Chalcolithic fortifications in BulgariaKamen Boyadzhiev 3. Fortifications and violence in the Mediterranean during the 3rd millennium BCVicente Lull, Rafael Micó, Cristina Rihuete and Roberto Risch 4. Pharaoh's Mighty Walls - Egypt's fortification system in the third and second millennium BCCarola Vogel 5. Fortification systems of the Aegean Bronze AgeWalter Gauss 6. Hittite Fortifications between Function and SymbolismDirk P. Mielke 7.

Protecting Civilisation. Cosmological and Ideological Concepts behind City Walls in AssyriaSimon Halama 8. Greek fortifications before the Persian Wars. An overviewOliver Hülden 9. Fortifications in and around Rome, 950-300 BCAlbert J. Nijboer 10. The Iron Age Fortifications of Gabii/Latium (Italy)Sophie Helas 11. The introduction of the 'Pfostenschlitz' concept in the fortification architecture of the north-west Alpine Hallstatt circle Ariane Ballmer 12.

Agency in Architectural Choice: The Heuneburg Hillfort as Monument and MetaphorBettina Arnold and Manuel Fernández-Götz 13. The purpose of Gallic oppida ramparts: a reappraisal Pierre Moret 14. Defences or defenders? New interpretations on upright-stone bands in European Late PrehistoryLuis Berrocal-Rangel.