CHAPTER I HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION1.1. The Scientific Picture1.6. Light in Relation to Biological Science1.9. Ligh in Relation to Physical Science1.10.
Waves or Corpuscles1.11. Rays of Light1.12. Interference1.13. Development of the Wave Theory1.14.
Electromagnetic Theory1.15. The Electromagnetic Spectrum1.16. Photons1.17. Relativity Theory1.18.
Modern Quantum Theory EXAMPLES [1(i)-l(vi)]CHAPTER II WAVE THEORY-INTRODUCTION2.1. Fundamental Ideas2.3. The Simple Harmonic Oscillator2.4. Experimental Observations2.5.
Equations of Motion EXAMPLES [2(i)-2(vi)] EXAMPLES [2(vii) and 2(viii)]2.8. Vector Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion2.9. Equation of Propagation-One Dimension2.11. Wavelength and Wavelength Constant2.12.
Phase EXAMPLES [2(ix)-2(xi)]2.13. Propagation of Waves in Three Dimensions2.14. Plane Waves2.15. The Wave Equation EXAMPLES [ 2(xii)-2(xv)]2.16.
The Velocity of Propagation2.17. Waves on a Rod2.18. Transport of Energy and Momentum2.20. Spherical Waves-Inverse Square Law2.21.
Photometry-Definitions2.22. Doppler-Fizeau Principle2.26. Representation of Wave Motion by Complex Quantities EXAMPLES [2(xvi)-2(xviii)] REFERENCESCHAPTER III WAVE THEORY-COMBINATION OF WAVE MOTIONS3.1. Principle of Superposition3.3.
Addition of Simple Harmonic Motions3.4. Algebraic Method3.5. Vector Method EXAMPLES [3(i)-3(vi)]3.8. Huygens'' Principle3.11.
Reflection and Refraction at Plane Surfaces3.13. Wave Theory of Reflection and Refraction3.14. Reflection and Refraction at Spherical Surfaces: Mirrors and Lenses EXAMPLES [3(vii)-3(viii)]3.17. Dispersion3.20.
Stationary Waves3.22. Wiener''s Experiment3.26. Coefficient of Reflection-Normal Incidence3.30. Optical Path Differnce3.31.
Corpuscular Theory of Reflection and Refraction EXAMPLES [3(ix)-3(xv)]CHAPTER IV REPRESENTATION OF LIGHT BY WAVE TRAINS OF FINITE LENGTH4.1. Sources of Light. Types of Spectra4.2. Line Spectra and Continuous Spectra4.3. Band Spectra4.
4. Infra-red and Ultra-violet Spectra4.5. Absorption Spectra4.6. Atomic Oscillators4.8. The Michelson Interferometer4.
10. Visibility of the Fringes4.15. Waves of Irregular Profile4.17. Fourier''s Series4.19. Fourier''s Integral4.
21. The Gaussian Wave Group4.25. Width of Spectral Lines4.28. Propagation of a Wave Group in a Dispersive Medium4.29. Group Velocity4.
32. Representation of Light by Wave Groups4.33. White Light EXAMPLES [4(i)-4(ix)] REFERENCES APPENDIX IV A-Adjustment of the Michelson Interferometer APPENDIX IV B-Fourier Series and Fourier''s Integral Theorem Analysis of a sharply limited Wave Train Profile for sharply limited Wave Band Distribution of Energy for a Damped Harmonic Wave The Gaussian Wave Group Progress of the Wave Group in a Dispersive MediumCHAPTER V INTERFERENCE5.1. Law of Photometric Summation5.3. Coherent and Non-coherent Beams of Light5.
5. Formation of Interference Fringes5.7. Interference between Two Sources Side by Side5.12. Interference produced by Thin Films5.14. Visibility of the Fringes5.
16. Fringes as Loci of Constant Path Difference5.17. Fringes of Constant Inclination5.18. Fringes of Constant Optical Thickness5.19. Newton''s Rings EXAMPLES [5(i)-5(ix)]5.
20. Localization of Interference Fringes5.22. Non-reflecting Films5.24. High-efficiency Reflecting Films EXAMPLES [5(x)-5(xii)]5.26. Interference with Multiple Beams5.
29. Fabry-Pérot Interferometer5.30. Lummer-Gehrcke Plate5.31. Edser-Butler Method of Calibrating a Spectrograph EXAMPLES [5(xiii)-5(xvi)]5.32. Fringes of Superposition5.
34. Achromatic Fringes5.36. Achromatic Systems of Fringes5.40. Interference Filters EXAMPLES [5(xvii)-5(xix)] REFERENCESCHAPTER VI DIFFRACTION6.1 General Character of the Observations6.3.
Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction6.5. Theory of Diffraction. The General Problem6.10. Extension of the Concept of a Wave Group6.12. Beam of Finite Width-One Dimension6.
13. St. Venant''s Hypothesis6.14. Beam restricted in Two Dimensions6.15. Diffraction at a Rectangular Aperture6.16.
Diffraction at a Circular Aperture6.17. Diffraction with a Slit Source6.18. Diffraction by a Number of Similar Apertures6.21. Babinet''s Theorem6.22.
Diffraction by a Number of Circular Apertures or Obstacles6.23. Young''s Eriometer6.24. Diffraction by Reflecting Screens6.25. Diffraction by a Screen not Coincident with a Wave Surface6.26.
"Laws of Rectilinear Propagation, Reflection and Refraction"6.27. Diffraction Gratings6.28. The Functions f(U) and F(NW)6.30. Distribution of Light among the Principal Maxima6.31.
Diffraction Grating Spectra6.32. Overlapping of Orders6.33. Gratings Ruled on Glass or Metal6.36. Echelette Gratings6.39.
The Michelson Echelon Grating6.40. The Michelson-Williams Reflecting Echelon6.41. Theory of the Reflecting Echelon EXAMPLES [6(i)-6(x)] REFERENCES APPENDIX VI A-Kirchhoff''s Diffraction Formula APPENDIX VI B-The Concave GratingCHAPTER VII HUYGEN''S PRINCIPLE AND FERMAT''S PRINCIPLE7.1. Development of Huygens'' Principle7.2.
Fresnel''s Method EXAMPLES [7(i)-7(iv)]7.5. Kirchhoff''s Analysis7.6. Elimination of the Reverse Wave7.7. Diffraction at a Circular Apterture7.8.
Diffraction by a Circular Obstacle EXAMPLES [7(v)-7(viii)]7.11. The Zone Plate7.15. Fresnel''s Integrals7.17. Cornu''s Spiral7.21.
Diffraction at a Straight Edge7.22. Rectilinear Propagation7.23. Fermat''s Principle7.26. Guoy''s Experiment7.27.
Relation between Wave and Ray Optics7.28. Ray and Wave Normals7.29. Rays in Relation to Wave Groups7.30. Fermat''s Principle as a General Statement of the Laws of Ray Optics EXAMPLES [7(ix)-7(xvii)] REFERENCESCHAPTER VIII THE ACCURACY OF OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS8.1.
Imperfections in Images due to Diffraction8.2. The Rayleigh Criterion8.5. Limit of Resolution for a Telescope EXAMPLES [8(i)-8(iii)]8.7. Limit of Resolution for the Eye8.8.
Useful and Empty Magnification8.9. Resolving Power of a Prism Spectroscope8.10. Resolving Power of a Grating Spectroscope8.12. The Rayleigh Limit of Aberration8.13.
Accuracy of Measurements with Mirror and Scale EXAMPLES [8(iv)-8(xi)]8.14. Development of the Theory of Resolving Power8.18. Resolving Power of the Fabry-Pérot Etalon8.19. Resolving Power of a Microscope8.20.
Resolution with Non-coherent Illumination8.21. Abbe Theory of Resolution with Coherent Illumination8.26. Representation of Detail in an Object seen through a Microscope8.29. Phase-contrast Microscope8.31.
Optimum Magnification8.32. Purity of a Spectrum obtained with White Light8.36. Talbot''s Bands EXAMPLES [8(xii)-8(xv)] REFERENCESCHAPTER IX MEASUREMENTS WITH INTERFEROMETERS9.2. Classification by Type of Interference9.4.
Classification of Uses of Interferometer9.5. The Testing of Optical Components9.6. The Twyman-Green Interferometer9.11. Fizeau Method9.15.
Multiple-beam Fringes9.16. Testing of Mechanical Gauges EXAMPLES [9(i)-9(vii)]9.18. The Double Interferometer9.20. Measurement of Mechanical Displacements9.21 Measurement of Refractive Index and of Small Differences of Index9.
29. The Jamin Refractometer EXAMPLES [9(viii)-9(xiii)]9.30. Measurement of Wavelength9.31. Comparison of Wavelengths by Coincidences9.32. Comparison of Wavelengths by Exact Fractions EXAMPLES [9(xiv)-9(xvii)]9.
38. Comparison between Optical and Mechanical Standards of Length9.44. Recent Work on Standards of Length9.50. Investigations of Hyperfine Structure REFERENCESCHAPTER X THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT10.1. Historical10.
2. General Review of Methods10.3. Indirect Methods10.5. Römer''s Method10.6. Fizeau''s Method10.
7. Rotating-mirror Method10.11. The Kerr Cell Optical-shutter Method10.12. Discussion of Results10.13. Group Velocity or Wave Velocity10.
15. Recent Work10.18. Variation of Velocity with Refractive Index EXAMPLES [10(i)-10(v)] REFERENCESCHAPTER XI RELATIVISTIC OPTICS11.1. Introduction 11.2. Relatve Velocity of Earth and Aether11.
4. The Michelson-Morley Experiment11.7. The FitzGerald-Lorentz Contraction11.8. Special Theory of Relativity11.12. Dilation of Time and Contraction of Space11.
14. Experiments in which Source and Observer are in Relative Motion EXAMPLES [11(i)-11(v)]11.15. Radial Doppler Effect11.16. Transverse Doppler Effect-Dilation of Time EXAMPLES [11(vi)-11(vii)]11.18. Reflection of Light by a Moving Mirror EXAMPLES [11(viii)-11(x)]11.
19. Aberraton Experiments11.20. Experiments with a Moving Medium11.21. General Theory of Relativity11.23. Refraction of Light Rays in a Gravitational Field11.
24. Displacement of Lines in a Gravitational Field11.25. Interference in a Rotating System EXAMPLE 11(xi)11.29. The Nebular Red-shift11.32. Relation between Mass and Energy11.
34. "Mass, Momentum and Energy of the Photon" REFERENCESCHAPTER XII POLARIZED LIGHT12.1. Scalar and Vector Wave Theories12.2. The Experiment of Malus12.3. Definition of the Plane of Polarization12.
4. Brewster''s Law12.5. Polarization by Transmission12.6. Double Refraction12.10. Malus'' Law12.
11. Methods of producing Plane-polarized Light12.12. "Nicol, Foucault, and Glan-Thompson Prisms"12.13. Polarization by Absorption12.14. Uses of Polarizing Devices12.
15. Interaction of Beams of Plane-polarized Light12.18. Circularly Polarized Light and Elliptically Polarized Light EXAMPLES [12(i)-12(vi)]12.20. Huygens'' Wave Surface in Crystals12.21. Verification of Huygens'' Wave Surface for Uniaxial Crystals12.
22. Transmission of Plane-polarized Light in a Thin Anisotropic Plate12.25. Quarter-wave Plate12.26. Two or more Plates in Series EXAMPLES [12(vii)-12(xiv)]12.27. Analysis of Polarized Light12.
29. Representation of Unpolarized Light EXAMPLES [12(xv)-12(xvi)]12.33. The Babinet Compensator12.35. Rotatory Polarization12.38. Dispersion of Birefringence and Optical Rotation EXAMPLES [12(xvii)-12(xxi)]12.
44. The Biquartz12.45. Saccharimetry12.48. Light Beats EXAMPLES [12(xxii)-12(xxx)] REFERENCESCHAPTER XIII THE ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY13.1. Development of the Theory13.
3. Mathematical Methods13.4. Definitions of E and H13.5. Definition of Charge Density and Current13.6. Polarization of a Material Medium13.
7. Maxwell''s Equations13.8. Waves in an Insulating Medium13.9. The.