1. Introduction 2. The Brain as an Organ 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Neurons and their Demands of Their Microenvironment 2.3.
Extracellular Space 2.4. Blood Supply 2.5. Glial Cell Relationships and Lineage 2.6. Brain Fluid Compartments and Their Borders 2.7.
Brain Fluid Dynamics 2.7.1. Brain Blood Supply 2.7.2. Cerebrospinal Fluid 2.7.
3. Glymphatic System 2.8. Conclusions 3. Life Cycle 3.1. Introduction 3.2.
Neuro- and Gliogenesis 3.3. Glial Cell Function in the Adult Brain 3.3.1. Astrocytes 3.3.1.
1. Neurovascular Unit 3.3.1.2. Energy Metabolism 3.3.1.
3. The Tripartite Synapse 3.3.1.4. Transmitter Homeostasis 3.3.1.
5. Ion Homeostasis 3.3.1.6. Synaptic Plasticity 3.3.1.
7. Synchronization of Neuronal Network Activity 3.3.1.8. Supply of Neurotrophic Factors 3.3.1.
9. Control of Systemic Metabolism 3.3.1.10. Integration of Astrocytic Functions 3.3.2.
Oligodendrocytes 3.3.2.1. Saltatory Conduction 3.3.2.2.
Potassium Siphoning 3.3.2.3. Oligodendrocyte-Lactate Shuttle 3.3.2.4.
Adaptive Myelination 3.3.3. Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells 3.3.4. Microglia 3.4.
Glial Cell Changes during Normal Non-Pathological Aging 3.5. Conclusions 4. Reactive Microglia and Astrocyte Phenotype Transitions 5. Transition of Microglia to Reactive States 5.1. Microglia Classification 5.2.
Defining Reactive Microglia 5.2.1. Cytokine Secretion 5.2.2. Phagocytosis and Cytotoxicity 5.2.
3. Anti-inflammatory Factors 5.3. Control of Microglia by Neuronal Factors 5.3.1. Neuronal Inhibitory OFF Factors 5.3.
2. Neuronal Activating ON Factors 5.4. Pattern Recognition Receptor Activation 5.4.1. Toll-like Receptors 5.4.
2. Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-like Receptors and Inflammation Assembly 5.4.3. Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene-1-like Receptors 5.4.4. Receptors Facilitating Phagocytosis 6.
Reactive Astrocytes 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Signals which Shift Astrocytes into a Reactive State 6.3. Interactions with Microglia 6.4.
Proliferation 6.5. Reactivity and Functions 6.6. Innate Immunity 6.7. Proliferative, Border-Forming Reactive Astrocytes 7. Neuroinflammation 7.
1. Introduction 7.2. Cytokine Signalling in Learning and Memory 7.3. Social Stress and Cytokine Networks 7.4. Cytokine-mediated Sickness Behavior 7.
5. Pathological Neuroinflammation 7.6. Anti-inflammatory Actions and Repair 7.7. Chronic Neuroinflammation 7.8. Comparison of Neuroinflammation with Peripheral Inflammation 8.
The Brain and the Immune System 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Innate Immune Responses of the Brain 8.3. Adaptive Immune Response 9. Viral and Bacterial Infections 9.
1. Major Infection Pathways 9.2. Latent Infections 9.3.