1. Introduction Keeping Track of Life Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Where Did Invertebrates Come From? The Dawn of Life The Ediacaran Period and the Origin of Animals The Paleozoic Era (541-252 Ma) The Mesozoic Era (252-66 Ma) The Cenozoic Era (66 Ma-present) Where Do Invertebrates Live? Marine Habitats Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Freshwater Habitats Terrestrial Habitats A Special Type of Environment: Symbiosis Biodiversity Patterns New Views of Invertebrate Phylogeny Some Comments on Evolution A Final Introductory Message to the Reader 2. Systematics, Phylogeny, and Classification Biological Classification Nomenclature Systematics Monophyly, Paraphyly, and Polyphyly Characters and the Concept of Homology Phylogenetic Trees Pleisiomorphy and Apomorphy Constructing Phylogenies and Classifications Molecular Phylogenetics 3. The Protists: Kingdom Protista Taxonomic History and Classification Overviews of the Major Clades, or Groups The General Protistan Body Plan The Protist Phyla Group 1: Amoebozoa Phylum Amoebozoa: Amebas Group 2: Chromalveolata Phylum Dinoflagellata: Dinoflagellates Phylum Apicomplexa: Gregarines, Coccidians, Haemosporidians, and Their Kin Phylum Ciliata: The Ciliates Phylum Stramenopila: Diatoms, Brown Algae, Golden Algae, Slime Nets, Oomycetes, etc. Phylum Haptophyta: Coccolithophores Phylum Cryptomonada: Cryptomonads Group 3: Rhizaria Phylum Chlorarachniophyta: Chlorarachniophyte Algae Phylum Granuloreticulosa: Foraminiferans and Their Kin Phylum Radiolaria: Radiolarians Phylum Haplosporidia: Haplosporidians Group 4: Excavata Phylum Parabasalida: Trichomonads, Hypermastigotes, and Their Kin Phylum Diplomonadida: Diplomonads Phylum Heterolobosea: Heterolobosids Phylum Euglenida: Euglenids Phylum Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomes, Bodonids, and Their Kin Group 5: Opisthokonta Phylum Choanoflagellata: Choanoflagellates Protist Phylogeny The Origin of the Protista Relationships among the Protists 4. Introduction to the Animal Kingdom: Animal Architecture and Body Plans Body Symmetry Cellularity, Body Size, Germ Layers, and Body Cavities Locomotion and Support Feeding and Digestion Excretion and Osmoregulation Circulation and Gas Exchange Nervous Systems and Sense Organs Bioluminescence Nervous Systems and Body Plans Hormones and Pheromones Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Parthenogenesis 5. Introduction to the Animal Kingdom: Development, Life Histories, and Origin Evolutionary Developmental Biology-EvoDevo Developmental Tool Kits The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype The Evolution of Novel Gene Function Gene Regulatory Networks Eggs and Embryos Eggs Cleavage Orientation of Cleavage Planes Radial and Spiral Cleavage Cell Fates Blastula Types Gastrulation and Germ Layer Formation Mesoderm and Body Cavities Life Cycles: Sequences and Strategies Classification of Life Cycles Indirect Development Settling and Metamorphosis Direct Development Mixed Development Adaptations to Land and Fresh Water Parasite Life Cycles The Relationships Between Ontogeny and Phylogeny The Origin of the Metazoa 6. Two Basal Metazoan Phyla: Porifera and Placozoa Phylum Placozoa Phylum Porifera: The Sponges Taxonomic History and Classification The Poriferan Body Plan Some Additional Aspects of Sponge Biology Distribution and Ecology Biochemical Agents Growth Rates Symbioses Poriferan Phylogeny The Origin of Sponges Evolution within the Porifera 7.

Phylum Cnidaria: Anemones, Corals, Jellyfish, and Their Kin Taxonomic History and Classification The Cnidarian Body Plan Cnidarian Phylogeny Ediacaran Cnidaria? Cnidarian Origins Relationships within Cnidaria 8. Phylum Ctenophora: The Comb Jellies Taxonomic History and Classification The Ctenophoran Body Plan Ctenophoran Phylogeny 9. Introduction to the Bilateria and the Phylum Xenacoelomorpha: Triploblasty and Bilateral Symmetry Provide New Avenues for Animal Radiation The Basal Bilaterian Protostomes and Deuterostomes Phylum Xenacoelomorpha Classification of Phylum Xenacoelomorph Class Acoela The Acoel Body Plan Class Nemertodermatida The Nemertodermatid Body Plan Subphylum Xenoturbellida The Xenoturbellid Body Plan 10. Phylum Platyhelminthes: The Flatworms Taxonomic History and Classification The Platyhelminth Body Plan Platyhelminth Phylogeny 11. Four Enigmatic Protostome Phyla: Rhombozoa, Orthonectida, Chaetognatha, Gastrotricha Phylum Rhombozoa The Dicyemida The Heterocyemida Phylum Orthonectida Phylum Chaetognatha Chaetognath Classification The Chaetognath Body Plan Phylum Gastrotricha: The Gastrotrichs Gastrotrich Classification The Gastrotrich Body Plan 12. Phylum Nemertea: The Ribbon Worms Taxonomic History and Classification The Nemertean Body Plan Nemertean Phylogeny 13. Phylum Mollusca Taxonomic History and Classification The Molluscan Body Plan Molluscan Evolution and Phylogeny 14. Phylum Annelida: The Segmented (and Some Unsegmented) Worms Taxonomic History and Classification The Annelid Body Plan Sipuncula: The Peanut Worms Sipunculan Classification The Sipunculan Body Plan Echiuridae: The Spoon Worms Siboglinidae: Vent Worms and Their Kin Siboglinid Taxonomic History The Siboglinidae Body Plan Hirudinoidea: Leeches and Their Relatives The Hirudinoidean Body Plan Annelid Phylogeny 15.

Two Enigmatic Spiralian Phyla: Entoprocta and Cycliophora Phylum Entoprocta: The Entoprocts Entoproct Classification The Entoproct Body Plan Phylum Cycliophora: The Cycliophorans 16. The Gnathifera: Phyla Gnathostomulida, Rotifera (including Acanthocephala), and Micrognathozoa Phylum Gnathostomulida: The Gnathostomulids Gnathostomulid Classification The Gnathostomulid Body Plan Phylum Rotifera: The Free-Living Rotifers Rotifer Classification The Rotifer Body Plan Phylum Rotifera, Subclass Acanthocephala: The Acanthocephalans The Acanthocephalan Body Plan Phylum Micrognathozoa: The Micrognathozoans The Micrognathozoan Body Plan 17. The Lophophorates: Phyla Phoronida, Bryozoa, and Brachiopoda Taxonomic History of the Lophophorates The Lophophorate Body Plan Phylum Phoronida: The Phoronids The Phoronid Body Plan Phylum Bryozoa: The Moss Animals The Bryozoan Body Plan Phylum Brachiopoda: The Lamp Shells The Brachiopod Body Plan 19. The Nematoida: Phyla Nematoda and Nematomorpha Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms and Threadworms Nematode Classification The Nematode Body Plan Life Cycles of Some Parasitic Nematodes Phylum Nematomorpha: Horsehair Worms and Their Kin The Nematomorphan Body Plan 19. The Scalidophora: Phyla Kinorhyncha, Priapula, and Loricifera Phylum Kinorhyncha: The Kinorhynchs Kinorhynch Classification The Kinorhynch Body Plan Phylum Priapula: The Priapulans Priapulan Classification The Priapulan Body Plan Phylum Loricifera: The Loriciferans 20. The Emergence of the Arthropods: Tardigrades, Onychophorans, and the Arthropod Body Plan Phylum Tardigrada The Tardigrade Body Plan Phylum Onychophora The Onychophoran Body Plan An Introduction to the Arthropods Taxonomic History and Classification The Arthropod Body Plan and Arthropodization The Evolution of Arthropods The Origin of Arthropods Evolution within the Arthropoda 21. Phylum Arthropoda: Crustacea: Crabs, Shrimps, and Their Kin Classification of The Crustacea Synopses of Crustacean Taxa The Crustacean Body Plan Crustacean Phylogeny 22. Phylum Arthropoda: The Hexapoda: Insects and Their Kin Hexapod Classification The Hexapod Body Plan Hexapod Evolution 23.

Phylum Arthropoda: The Myriapods: Centipedes, Millipedes, and Their Kin Myriapod Classification The Myriapod Body Plan Myriapod Phylogeny 24. Phylum Arthropoda: The Chelicerata Chelicerate Classification The Euchelicerate Body Plan The Class Pycnogonida The Pycnogonid Body Plan Chelicerate Phylogeny 25. Introduction to the Deuterostomes and the Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Echinodermata Taxonomic History and Classification The Echinoderm Body Plan Echinoderm Phylogeny First Echinoderms Modern Echinoderms 26. Phylum Hemichordata: Acorn Worms and Pterobranchs Hemichordate Classification The Hemichordate Body Plan Enteropneusta (Acorn Worms) Pterobranchs Hemichordate Fossil Record and Phylogeny 27. Phylum Chordata: Cephalochordata and Urochordata Chordate Classification Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Cephalochordata: The Lancelets (.