This title describes unified image-based measurement methods (theories, numerical methods, and algorithms) to determine the important physical quantities of complex flows in engineering and natural systems, including velocity, pressure, temperature, heat transfer, and skin friction. It presents a systematical study of the inverse problems in global flow diagnostics in a unified framework of the variational formulations. The authors further illustrate the main physical quantities in fluid mechanics, including velocity, pressure, skin friction and surface heat flux, extracted from flow visualization images obtained in experiments and observations. The developed methods are applicable in various image-based flow measurements in diverse disciplines ranging from fluid mechanics/aerodynamics to plenary sciences.