About the Author xvii Foreword xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxiii 1 The Dental Operatory 1 Space 1 Electricity, Water, and Drainage 1 Ergonomics 2 The Operatory 2 Powered Dental Delivery Systems 6 Storage 11 Lighting 11 Dental Loupes (Telescopes) 13 Radiography 15 General Anesthesia 16 Patient Monitoring Devices 17 Regional Analgesia 26 Technique 28 Further Reading 32 2 Equipment, Instruments, and Materials for Operative Dentistry 37 Equipment and Material Recommendations Based on the Level of Dental Care 37 Diagnostics for Basic Dentistry 37 Dental Scaling, Irrigation and Polishing Equipment, Instruments, and Techniques 40 Dental Polishing Equipment and Materials 47 Extraction Instruments and Materials 50 Dental Handpieces 56 Maintenance of Dental Equipment 66 Homecare Products to Reduce the Accumulation of Plaque and Tartar (Calculus) 67 Other Homecare Products, Which May Decrease the Accumulation of Plaque and/or Tartar When Used Properly 68 Equipment and Materials for Advanced Dental Care 69 Obturating the Canal 72 College?Tipped Pliers to Handle the Paper and Gutta Percha Points 73 Restorative Materials Used in Advanced Dental Procedures 75 Advanced Periodontal and Oral Surgery 75 Lasers 75 Orthodontic Equipment and Materials Used in Advanced Dental Procedures 79 Orthodontic Buttons and Masel Chain Elastics 80 Further Reading 83 3 Oral Anatomy for the General Practitioner 87 The Oral Cavity 87 Mucosa 87 Muscles 87 Tongue 87 Innervation of the Oral Cavity 89 Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage 90 Salivary Glands 90 Periodontium 90 Cranium 95 Facium 95 Maxillae and Mandibles 95 Temporomandibular Joint 100 Teeth 100 Further Reading 112 4 Dental Radiography 113 Incorporating Dental Radiography into General Practice 113 Radiation Safety 113 Radiograph Equipment 113 Positioning 116 Radiograph Image Troubleshooting 128 Radiograph Interpretation 133 Periodontal Disease 137 Endodontic Disease 144 External Root Resorption 149 Further Reading 159 5 Charting 163 Two?/Four?Handed Charting 163 Step?By?Step Charting 163 Periodontal Indices 191 Dental Explorer 192 Furcation Disease Charting 194 Bleeding on Probing 194 Gingivitis Index 194 Tooth Mobility 194 Crown Pathology 198 Charting Abbreviations 212 Therapy Abbreviations 217 Further Reading 218 6 The Comprehensive Oral Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment Visit 221 Comprehensive Oral Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment (COPAT) 221 Case Volume 222 Workflow 222 Basic Treatment Options in Companion Animal Dentistry 227 Plaque and Calculus Prevention 230 Efficacy of Homecare Products 231 The Veterinary Oral Health Council 231 Efficacy Through Mechanical Action 232 Efficacy Through Nonmechanical Action 235 Efficacy Through Mechanical plus Nonmechanical Actions 236 Safety of Homecare Products 236 Gastrointestinal Inflammation 237 Safety Against Tooth Fracture 237 Scheduling the Next Professional Oral Hygiene Visit 237 Further Reading 238 7 Oropharyngeal Inflammation 243 Periodontal Diseases 243 Clinical Periodontal Diseases 245 Furcation Disease 259 Tooth Mobility 259 Periodontal Regeneration 264 Guided Tissue Regeneration 268 Mucositis - Inflammation of the Oral Mucosa 268 Stomatitis 273 Anti?Inflammatory Medication 276 Surgical Management of FCGS 277 Technique for Placement of Esophagostomy Feeding Tube in the Anesthetized Cat 278 Flap Design, Procedure, and Closure 279 Mandibular Canine Extraction Technique 284 Hemisection and Restoration 286 Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)?positive Cats with Feline Chronic Gingivitis Stomatitis 295 Further Reading 297 8 Tooth Resorption 305 Prevalence 305 Etiology 305 Terminology/Classification 305 Classification by Anatomical Location - Internal and External Resorption 306 Inflammatory External Resorption 306 Classification by Radiographic Appearance (Types) 309 Clinical Signs 310 Clinical Examination Findings 310 Radiographic Findings 311 Treatment of Tooth Resorption 313 Restoration 314 Monitoring Without Immediate Care 315 Crown/Root Atomization 315 Tooth Extraction 315 Crown Amputation with Intentional Partial Root Retention Followed by Gingival Closure 316 Further Reading 319 9 Oral Trauma 323 Anatomy and Physiology 323 Crown Wear - Abrasion and Attrition 323 The Traumatized Tooth 323 Endodontic Therapy 327 Age of the Patient 331 Materials for Endodontic Therapy 331 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) 334 Instruments for Endodontic Therapy 334 Spatulas 342 Fundamental Endodontic Procedures 342 Standard (Conventional) Root Canal Therapy 344 Rotary Debridement 349 Crown Restoration 351 Oral Cavity Trauma 353 Principles of Jaw Fracture Repair 361 Treatment Planning and Options 361 Further Reading 365 10 Oral Masses 367 Identification and Staging of Oral Tumors 367 World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Staging of Tumors of the Oral Cavity - Primary Tumor-Regional Nodes-Metastasis (TNM) System 367 Neoplasia Nomenclature 368 Tissue Sampling 369 Surgical Options to Treat Neoplasia 369 General Overview of Tumor Surgery 369 Benign Neoplasia 371 Osteomyelitis 381 Odontoma 381 Papilloma 381 Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex 381 Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma 383 Amyloid?Producing Odontogenic Tumor 388 Traumatic Granulomas 388 Feline Pyogenic Granuloma 391 Oral Malignancy 391 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 394 Salivary Gland Pathology 407 Further Reading 416 11 Occlusal Disorders, Extra Teeth, and Missing Teeth 423 Angle Classification 423 Malocclusion - Dental and Skeletal 426 Skeletal Malocclusion 429 Ethics of Performing Veterinary Orthodontic Care 435 Interceptive Orthodontics 435 Extraction of the Malpositioned Tooth 439 Crown Reduction, Vital Pulp Therapy, and Tooth Restoration 441 Moving Teeth 441 Types of Forces Used to Move Teeth 441 Instrumentation for Orthodontic Care 445 Technique for Bracket Placement, Light Chemical Cementation, and Force Activation 446 Orthodontic Appliances 446 The Following are Steps of Orthodontic Therapy Using Appliances 446 Materials and Methods to Create a Dental Study Model 448 Obtaining the Impression 448 Creating Arch Impressions Using Alginate 448 Pouring the Stone Model 450 Water: Powder Ratio 450 Follow These Steps to Mix and Pour Stone 450 The Following are Steps to Pour the Stone Mixture onto the Impression 450 Preparing a Base for Each Cast 451 To Separate the Cast from the Alginate Impression 451 Trimming the Cast 452 Lab Instructions and Shipping 452 Inclined Planes 452 Further Reading 456 Glossary 459 Index 475.