1. Overview 1.1. Foreign Compounds that Humans Are Exposed 1.2. Metabolic Reactions of Foreign Compounds 1.3. Activation Enzymes 1.
4. Detoxification Enzymes 1.5. Reactive Metabolic Intermediates 1.6. Oxidative Stress, Electrophiles and Free radicals 1.7. Lifestyle Modifications 1.
8. Metabolic Intermediate - Induced Cell Toxicities 1.9. Genetic Polymorphisms of Metabolic Enzymes 2.0. Defenses Against Metabolic Intermediates 2.0.1.
Inducibility of Metabolic Enzymes 2.0.2. Diversified Classes of Enzyme Modulators 2.0.3. Induction and Inhibition Compounds 2.1.
Defense Mechanisms: Nrf2-ARE Pathway 2.2. Health Effects of Metabolic Intermediates 2.3. Induction of Metabolic Enzymes for Health Benefits 2.4. Dietary Effects on Metabolic Enzymes Bibliography 2. Foreign Compounds: Foods, Drugs, Chemicals and Life Styles 2.
1. Food 2.1.1. Heterocyclic Amines 2.1.2. Nitrosamines 2.
1.3. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2.1.4. Azo Dyes 2.1.5.
a,b-Unsaturated Aldehydes 2.1.6. Mycotoxins 2.2. Household Products 2.2.1.
Benzene 2.2.2. Phenol 2.2.3. Phthalate 2.3.
Pharmaceuticals 2.3.1. Acetaminophen 2.3.2. Xanthine 2.3.
3. Terfenadine 2.3.4. Menadione 2.3.5. Diazepam 2.
4. Environmental Chemicals 2.4.1. Diesel 2.4.2. Arsenic 2.
4.3. Polychlorinated Biphenyls 2.4.4. Dioxins 2.5. Lifestyles 2.
5.1. Alcohol 2.5.2. Cigarette Bibliography 3. Transport and Excretion of Foreign Compounds 3.1.
Lipophiles Versus Hydrophiles 3.2. Hydrogen bonding 3.3. Sites of Action 3.4. Cell Membranes 3.5.
Transport Mechanisms 3.5.1. Passive Diffusion 3.5.2. Facilitated Diffusion a. Transporter b.
Channel 3.5.3. Active Transport a. Primary Active Transport b. Secondary Active Transport 3.6. Metabolic Pathways 3.
6.1. Phase I Activation Metabolism 3.6.2. Phase II Detoxification Metabolism 3.7. Transport to External Cell Compartment 3.
8. Metabolism Precedes Excretion 3.9. Excretion of Foreign Compounds 3.9.1. Renal Excretion 3.9.
2. Reabsorption in Kidney 3.9.3. Hepatic Excretion 3.9.4. Skin Excretion Bibliography 4.
Metabolic Conversion of Foreign Compounds 4.1. Phase I Activation Metabolism 4.1.1. Oxidation Reactions a. N-oxidation b. S-oxidation 4.
1.2. Hydroxylation Reactions a. Aromatic Hydroxylation b. Aliphatic Hydroxylation 4.1.3. Dealkylation Reactions a.
O-dealkylation b. N-dealkylation 4.1.4. Hydrolysis Reactions 4.1.5. Epoxidation Reactions 4.
2. Phase II Detoxification Metabolism 4.2.1. Conjugation Reactions a. Glucuronide Conjugation b. Glutathione Conjugation c. Sulfonate Conjugation d.
Amino Acid Conjugation e. N-acetyl Conjugation f. Methyl Conjugation 4.2.2. Non-conjugation Reactions a. Quinone Reductase Catalytic Reactions b. Epoxide Hydrolase Catalytic Reactions 4.
3. Toxification and Detoxification 4.3.1. Toxification Activation 4.3.2. Deactivation of Toxicity 4.
3.3. Activation versus Deactivation: Competing Pathways Bibliography 5. Phase I Activation Enzymes 5.1. Activation of Foreign Compounds 5.2. Activation Enzymes 5.
2.1. Oxidative Enzymes a. Cytochrome P450 b. Prostaglandin H Synthase c. Flavin-containing Monooxygenase d. Amine Oxidase e. Lipoxygenase f.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase g. Aldehyde Oxidase h. Xanthine Oxidase i. Peroxidase 5.2.2. Reductive Enzymes a. Nitroreductase b.
Azoreductase 5.2.3 Hydrolytic Enzymes a. Carboxylesterase b. Epoxide Hydrolase 5.3. Catalytic Reactions 5.3.
1. Oxidative Reactions a. Oxidation at Carbon Atom b. Oxidation at Nitrogen Atom c. Oxidation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 5.3.2. Reductive Reactions a.
Reduction at Nitrogen Atom b. Reduction of Carbonyl Group 5.3.3. Hydrolytic Reactions.