Section I. Spinal Anatomy and Evaluation Subsection 1 (I-1): Spinal Structure Chapter 1: Surgical Anatomy of the Spine - Cervical /Thoracic Chapter 2: Surgical Anatomy of the Spine - Lumbar / Sacral Chapter 3: Neuro-anatomy of the Spine Chapter 4: Embryology and Maturation of the Spine Subsection 2 (I-2): Spinal Mechanics and Radiographic Measurements Chapter 5: Biomechanics of the Spine Chapter 6: Mechanics of Spinal Balance Chapter 7: Radiographic Measurements in Spinal Deformity Chapter 8: Spino-Pelvic Parameters Subsection 3 (I-3): Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Spinal Deformities Chapter 9: Evaluation of the Patient with Congenital Spine Deformity Chapter 10: Evaluation of the Pediatric and Adolescent Spinal Patient Chapter 11: Evaluation of Neuromuscular and Syndromic Spinal Defomrity Patients Chapter 12: Evaluation of the Adult Spinal Deformity Patient Section II. Spinal Pathologies Subsection 4 (II-1): Bony Pathologies Chapter 13: Lumbar Disc Degeneration Chapter 14: Spinal Inflammatories Chapter 15: Spinal Neuropathologies (Charcot''s Spine) Chapter 16: Pyogenic infections of the Spine Chapter 17: Metastatic Disease of the Spine Subsection 5 (II-2): Neuropathology Chapter 18: Spinal Trauma and Neurologic Injury Chapter 19: Anterior Horn Cell Disease: Poliomyelitis Chapter 20: Congenital and Developmental Spinal Cord Abnormalities Chapter 21: Spina Bifida/Myelodysplasia Chapter 22: The Spine in Friedrich''s Ataxia, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, and Familial Dysautonomia Chapter 23: Cerebral Palsy and Muscular Dystrophies Section III. Pediatric and Adolescent Spinal Deformity Subsection 6 (III-1): Pediatric and Adolescent Spinal Deformities Chapter 24: Congenital Scoliosis and Kyphosis Chapter 25: Idiopathic Scoliosis - Prevalence and Natural History Chapter 26: Idiopathic Scoliosis - Genetics of AIS Chapter 27: Neuromuscular Scoliosis Chapter 28: Scheuermann Kyphosis Chapter 29: Neurofibromatosis in Spinal Deformity Chapter 30: Spinal Deformity in Syndromic Spinal Diseases Chapter 31: Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders Chapter 32: Primary Spine Neoplasms Chapter 33: Pediatric Spinal Trauma Subsection 7 (III-2): Non-Operative Treatments for Pediatric and Adolescent Spinal Deformities Chapter 34: Casting for Infantile Scoliosis Chapter 35: Bracing for Scoliosis/Exercises Subsection 8 (III-3): Surgical Treatments for Pediatric and Adolescent Spinal Deformities Chapter 36: Basic Principles of Spinal Deformity Correction Chapter 37: Early Onset Scoliosis Chapter 38: VEPTR Chapter 39: AIS Surgical Correction Chapter 40: Surgical techniques for the Stiff Deformity Chapter 41: Anterior Spinal Sugery for AIS Chapter 42: Rib Resection/Thoracoplasty Chapter 43: Post-laminectomy Kyphosis Section IV. Adult Spinal Deformity Subsection 9 (IV-1): Adult Spinal Deformities Chapter 44: Degenerative/Denovo Adult Scoliosis Chapter 45: Adult Post-idiopathic - Decision to Operate Chapter 46: Kyphotic Deformities in the Adult Chapter 47: Carvical Spinal Deformities Chapter 48: Inflammatory Arthritic Conditions Chapter 49: Vertebral Osteomyelitis in the Adult Chapter 50: Neoplasms of the Spinal Column Chapter 51: Adult Spine Trauma Subsection 10 (IV-2): Non-Operative Treatments for Adult Spinal Deformities Chapter 52: Exercise / Physical Therapy Chapter 53: Spinal Injections Subsection 11 (IV-3): Surgical Treatment for Adult Spinal Deformities Chapter 54: Spinal Fusion and Bone Grafting Techniques for Adult Spinal Deformities Chapter 55: Posterior Spinal Surgical Techniques in Adult Spinal Deformity Chapter 56: Anterior Spinal Techniques in Adult Spinal Deformities Chapter 57: Sacro-pelvic Instrumentation Chapter 58: Staging Procedures Chapter 59: Minimal/ Lesser Invasive Approaches to the Anterior Spine in Adult Spinal Deformity Chapter 60: Revision/Post-surgical Deformities Chapter 61: Spinal Osteotomies-Smith-Petersen and Pedicle Subtration Section V. Spondylolisthesis Subsection 12 (V-1): Spondylolisthesis in the Pediatric Chapter 62: Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Chapter 63: Surgical Treatment for the Pediatric Spondylolisthesis Subsection 13 (V-2): Spondylolisthesis in the Adult Chapter 64: Spondylolisthesis in the Adult - Low-grade Spondylolisthesis Chapter 65: Surgical Treatment for Higher Grade Spondylolisthesis Section VI. Surgical Considerations and Complications Subsection 14 (VI-1): Preoperative Considerations Chapter 66: Nutritional Concerns Chapter 67: Osteoporosis Pharmacology Subsection 15 (VI-2): Considerations for Surgical Treatment Chapter 68: Surgical Planning Chapter 69: Anesthesia Chapter 70: Intraop - Positioning Chapter 71: Blood Management Chapter 72: Neuromonitoring Chapter 73: Avoiding Neurologic Deficits in Spinal Deformity Surgery Chapter 74: Bone Grafting Chapter 75: Infection Control Chapter 76: Postop/Rehab Considerations Subsection 16 (VI-3): Surgical Complications Associated Chapter 77: Neurologic Complications Chapter 78: Cerebral Spinal Fluid Leaks Chapter 79: Structural Complications Chapter 80: Proximal Junctional Kyphosis and Failure Chapter 81: Flatback and Other Post-operative Sagittal Malalignment Syndromes.