Preface xiv Acknowledgements xvi About the Editors xvii Contributors xviii How to Use Your Textbook xxii About the Companion Website xxiv Unit 1 Contextualising the Art and Science of Nursing 1 1 Nursing: Past, Present and Future 2 Introduction 3 A Glance at the History of Nursing 4 The Beginnings of the NHS and Nursing 9 Early Nursing Research 10 Modernising Nursing Careers 12 Current Nurse Education 15 The Francis Report 16 The Quality Assurance Framework for Nursing and Midwifery 18 The NHS and Healthcare Reform 19 Conclusion 21 Key Points 22 Glossary 22 References 22 2 The Professional Nurse and Contemporary Healthcare 24 Introduction 25 Teaching and Learning in Practice 30 Theoretical Frameworks for Teaching and Learning 33 The Adult Learner 37 Revalidation and Continuing Professional Development 38 Leadership Styles and Theories 40 Evidence-based Practice 42 Change Management 44 Clinical Governance 45 Interprofessional Working 46 Working in Collaboration with Patients 46 Conclusion 47 Key Points 47 Glossary 48 References 48 3 Health Promotion 50 Introduction 51 Health Promotion 51 Interpersonal Skills for Nursing and Health Promotion 57 Motivational Interviewing and Brief Interventions 57 Models of Health Promotion 58 Frameworks for Supporting Health 59 The Contemporary Focus of Health Promotion 62 Travel Health 67 Conclusion 68 Key Points 69 Glossary 69 References 69 4 Public Health 71 Introduction 72 Setting the Scene for Public Health in the UK 72 Public Health England 76 Health Inequalities 76 Epidemiology and Public Health 80 Health Protection 81 Primary Care Nursing 82 District Nursing 82 Community Matrons 84 Health Visitor and School Health Advisor 85 Conclusion 88 Key Points 88 Glossary 88 References 89 Unit 2 The Elements of Care 91 5 Ethics, the Law and the Nurse 92 Introduction 93 Approaches to Ethics 95 Ethical Principles 97 Legal and Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing 98 Legal Perspectives 102 Accountability 106 Conclusion 109 Key Points 109 Glossary 109 References 110 6 The Nursing Process 111 Introduction 112 Defining Nursing 112 Organisational Models of Care 114 The Nursing Process 118 A Systematic Approach 119 Patient Goals 121 Nursing Goals: A Lost Art? 121 Writing the Care Plan 122 How Does ''Intentional Rounding'' Fit In? 124 Compassion 125 Conclusion 126 Key Points 126 Glossary 126 References 127 7 Models of Nursing 129 Introduction 130 Nursing Theory 130 History and Principles 132 A Framework for Children''s Nursing 135 The Tidal Model in Mental Health Nursing 136 The Art and Science of Nursing 138 Patient-centred Care and Safety 140 Conclusion 142 Key Points 143 Glossary 143 References 143 Unit 3 The Principles of Care 147 8 The Principles of Safeguarding and Dignity 148 Introduction 149 What Is Safeguarding? 149 Principles of Safeguarding 149 What Is Abuse or Harm? 153 Safeguarding Is Everybody''s Business 155 Policy Framework for Safeguarding Adults 155 Responding to Disclosures 156 Key Stages of the Adult Safeguarding Process 157 Preventing the Abuse of Adults at Risk 160 What Is Dignity? 162 What Is Respect? 163 Thinking About and Understanding Dignity 163 Types of Dignity 165 Essence of Care 2010 168 Influencing Dignity in Care Practice 168 Conclusion 168 Key Points 169 Glossary 169 References 169 9 The Principles of Older People''s Care 171 Introduction 172 Attitudes and Stereotyping 172 Effective Communication 173 Patient-centred Care 175 The Older Person''s Nutritional Needs 178 Pressure Ulcer Prevention 182 Falls Prevention 183 After a Fall 185 Discharge Planning 186 Key Points 189 Glossary 189 References 189 10 The Principles of Caring for People with Learning Disabilities and/or Autism 193 Introduction 194 Definitions of Learning Disabilities 195 Autistic Spectrum Conditions Defined 196 Prevalence and Causes of Learning Disabilities 197 Classification of Learning Disability 197 Inequalities in Health Care 198 Attitudes Towards People with Learning Disabilities 199 Supporting Access to Services 199 Communication 203 Legal Aspects 205 Safeguarding 206 Conclusion 208 Key Points 208 Glossary 208 References 208 11 Principles of Caring for Children and Families 210 Introduction 211 The Key Stages in Relation to the Development of Infants, Children and Young People 211 A Range of Communication Strategies 214 Some Common Physical and Mental Health Problems 218 Basic/Fundamental Care Needs 223 The Importance of Acting to Protect Infants, Children and Young People 227 Identifying Signs of Deterioration in General Health 229 Best Practice Relating to End of Life Care 232 Key Points 233 Glossary 233 References 234 12 The Principles of Caring for People with Mental Health Problems 236 Introduction 237 Policy Content 237 What Is Mental Disorder? 238 Settings for Mental Health Care 240 Recovery 241 Holism 241 Caring for Carers 242 Comprehensive Assessment in Mental Health 242 The Physical Health of People with Mental Health Problems 243 Risk Assessment and Management 244 Legal Context 246 Therapeutic Nursing Care 247 Conclusion 249 Key Points 249 Glossary 250 References 250 13 The Principles of Maternity Care 254 Introduction 255 The Role of the Midwife in Maternity Care 255 Overview of the Physiology of Pregnancy 255 Overview of Antenatal Care 256 Overview of Intranatal Care 260 Midwifery Care in Normal Labour 262 Unexpected and Rapid Deliveries 263 Initial Care of the Mother and Baby after Birth 263 Overview of Postnatal Care: Mother 264 Health and Advice in the Postnatal Period 265 Care of the Neonate after Birth 266 Infant Feeding 267 Conclusion 268 Key Points 268 Glossary 268 References 269 14 The Principles of Surgical Care 270 Introduction 271 The Classification of Surgery and Risk 271 The Phases of Surgery 272 Complications of Surgery 280 Further Care of the Surgical Patient 282 Discharge 284 Day-case Surgery 285 Conclusion 285 Key Points 285 Glossary 286 References 286 15 The Principles of Cancer Care 288 Introduction 289 Pathophysiology 290 Signs and Symptoms 291 Investigations and Diagnosis 292 Treatment of Cancer 293 Other Problems Resulting from All Cancer Therapies 303 Survivorship 303 End of Life Care 305 Conclusion 305 Key Points 305 Glossary 305 References 306 16 The Principles of Infection Control 307 Introduction 308 Development of Infection Control Practices 308 Preventing the Spread of Infection 309 Common Healthcare-associated Infections 314 Antimicrobial Resistance 319 Care and Treatment for People with Infectious Diseases 319 Diagnostic Tests and Treatment 325 Technology and Infection Control 328 Conclusion 329 Key Points 329 Glossary 329 References 330 17 The Principles of Nutrition 332 Introduction 333 The Nutrients 333 A Healthy Diet 335 Physiology of the Alimentary System 335 Undernourishment and Malnutrition 338 Nutritional Support 340 Obesity 342 Diabetes and Nutrition 343 Nutrition and Mental Illness 344 Hydration 345 Nutrition and Wound Healing 345 Nutrition for the Person Who Is Dying 346 Hospital Nutrition Services 347 Conclusion 348 x Contents Key Points 348 Glossary 348 References 348 18 The Principles of Skin Integrity 350 Introduction 351 Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin 351 Function of the Skin 354 Wound Healing (Figure 18.6) 355 Psycho-Socioeconomic Aspects of Wound Care 356 The Quality Agenda and Wound Management 357 Wound Care and Management 359 Nursing Management 370 Multiple Pathology and Wound Care 372 Conclusion 373 Key Points 373 Glossary 373 References 374 19 The Principles of Medicine Administration and Pharmacology 376 Introduction 377 Pharmacology 377 Person Group Directions 384 Changing Demography of the UK 386 Generic and Brand Names 386 Legislation and Policies Governing Drug Administration 386 Cold Chain 388 Preparation of Drugs 388 Medical Abbreviations 392 Compliance, Concordance and Adherence 393 Some Common Drugs Used in Practice and Their A.