List of Contributors xiii 1 Structural and Dynamics of Healthy Adult''s Microbiota 1 Mahdi Hussein Abdelrazig 1.1 Introduction 1 2 Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota 7 Lisa F.M. Lee Nen That and Jessica Pandohee 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota Throughout Lifespan 8 2.3 Composition of Bacterial Community in the Different Sections of the Gastrointestinal Tract 9 2.4 Stability, Resilience, and Functional Redundancy 10 2.

5 Interactions in the Gut Microbiota 11 2.6 Conclusion 13 3 Factors Affecting Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota: A Disease Hallmark 17 Rohan Samir Kumar Sachan, Khushboo, Inderpal Devgon, Atif Khurshid Wani, Nahid Akhtar, Tahir ul Gani Mir, Ab Waheed Wani, and Ajit Prakash 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Composition of Gut Microbiota 18 3.3 Factors Affecting Gut Microbiota 19 3.4 Modulation of Gut Microbiota 23 3.5 Gut Microbiota Hallmark in Disease Condition 25 3.6 Conclusion 26 4 Antibiotic-Induced Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiome 31 Gholamreza Abdi, Abu Saeid, Ab Waheed Wani, and Vishal Johar 4.

1 Introduction 31 4.2 Gut Microbiota Composition 32 4.3 Antibiotic-induced Changes in the Composition of the Microbiota 32 4.4 Conclusion 38 5 Dysbiosis and its Varied Impacts 41 Rajani Sharma and Kunal Kumar 5.1 Introduction 41 5.2 Causes of Dysbiosis 41 5.3 Dysbiosis, Immune System, and Associated Diseases 44 5.4 Intestinal Colonisation in Neonates and Dysbiosis 48 5.

5 Treatment or Therapeutics 48 5.6 Conclusion 50 6 Connection between Dysbiosis and Diet 55 Sagnik Nag, Nimmy Srivastava, Rohan Dutta, Aparajita Bagchi, Israrahmed Adur, and Shuvam Chakraborty 6.1 Introduction 55 6.2 Different Dietary Patterns Resulting in Dysbiosis 59 6.3 Future Prospects in Establishing a Healthy Connection between Diet and Gut Microbiota 68 6.4 Conclusion 70 7 Composition of Gut Microbiota and Clostridium difficile 81 Jissin Mathew and Anu Jacob 7.1 Introduction 81 8 Gut Microbiota and Obesity 87 Shaimaa H. Negm 8.

1 Introduction 87 8.2 Obesity Epidemic: Statistics and General Background 87 8.3 Gut Microbiota and Obesity 87 8.4 Adiposity and Gut Microbiota 90 8.5 Gut Microbiota Modification 92 8.6 The Microbiota and Obesity Interactions 93 9 Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease 99 Shaimaa H. Negm 9.1 Introduction 99 9.

2 Gut Microbiota and CVD 100 9.3 Gut Microbiota Composition in Cardiovascular Disease 101 9.4 Gut Microbiota Function in Cardiovascular Disease 103 9.5 Gut Microbiota as Therapeutic Strategies for Cardiovascular Disease 104 10 Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 109 Anu Jacob and Jissin Mathew 10.1 Introduction 109 10.2 Intestinal Microbiome in IBD Patients 110 10.3 Interventions for the Treatment of IBD 113 10.4 Conclusion 115 11 Gut Microbiota and Diabetes 121 Ankita Dey, Ridashisha Rymbai, Hriiziini Monica, and Jutishna Bora 11.

1 Introduction 121 11.2 Gut Microbiota 121 11.3 Role of Gut Microbiota in Diabetes 122 11.4 Alteration in Gut Microbiota Composition in T1 and T2 Diabetes 124 11.5 Diabetic Complications 127 11.6 Therapeutic Approaches 128 11.7 Conclusion 129 12 Novel Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Gut Microbiota to Treat Diseases 133 Shaimaa H. Negm 12.

1 Introduction 133 12.2 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T1D 133 12.3 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T1D 134 12.4 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T2D 135 12.5 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T2D 136 12.7 Preventive and Therapeutic Perspectives Including the Gut Microbiota 137 13 Understanding the Role of Microbiota in Cancer 143 Parneet Kaur , Lisa F. M. Lee Nen That , Saurabh Kulshreshtha , and Jessica Pandohee 13.

1 Introduction 143 13.2 Role of Microbiota in Cancers 144 13.3 Mechanism in which Microbiota Kill Cancer Cells 146 13.4 Microbiota that Promote Health Post Cancer Treatment 147 13.5 Conclusion 147 14 Impact of Gut Microbiota on Mental Health in Humans 153 Sagnik Nag, Ankita Saini, Richismita Hazra, and Jutishna Bora 14.1 Introduction 153 14.2 Gut Dysbiosis and Mental Health Disorders 156 14.3 Psychiatric Medication and the Microbiome 161 14.

4 Probiotic Treatments for Mental Health Disorders 161 14.5 Future Therapeutic Approach 163 14.6 Conclusion 164 15 Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Central and Enteric Nervous Systems: The Gut--Brain Axis Concept 169 Mohamed Hussein Arbab 15.1 Introduction 169 15.2 The Neuronal Communications 170 15.3 Neuroimmune Regulation of Inflammation and Cellular Defence 171 16 Immune-Modulation and Gut Microbiome 179 Sarah Adjei-Fremah, Mulumebet Worku, and Salam Ibrahim 16.1 Introduction 179 16.2 Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome 180 16.

3 Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases 180 16.4 Gut Microbiome-Mediated Immune Modulation 182 16.5 Gut Microbiome Modulators 183 16.6 Prebiotics 185 16.7 Probiotics 185 16.8 Galectins, Gut Microbiome, and Immune Modulation 186 16.9 Conclusion 186 17 Current Molecular Technologies for Assaying the Gut Microbiota: Next-generation DNA Sequencing 193 Harshit Sajal, Yuvaraj Sivamani, and Sumitha Elayaperumal 17.1 Introduction and Overview 193 17.

2 Research on the Gut Microbiome Using Next-generation Sequencing 194 17.3 Collection, Storage, and DNA Extraction Methodology 199 17.4 DNA Sequencing and Post-processing 201 17.5 Metabolic Modelling of the Human Gut Microbiome 201 18 The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Gut Modulation 205 Usman Atique, Muhammad Altaf, Dwaipayan Sinha, Shakira Ghazanfar, Md. Ayenuddin Haque, and Shahana Chowdhury 18.1 Introduction 205 18.2 Probiotics and Prebiotics: A Functional Perspective 206 18.3 Diet and its Effect on Gut Microbiota 208 18.

4 Modification of Intestinal Microbiota by the Application of Probiotics and Prebiotics 209 18.5 Prebiotics and Gut Immunity 211 18.6 Conclusions and Future Research 211 19 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: A Potential Source for a Healthy Gut 217 Vandana Singh and Bushra Shaida 19.1 Introduction 217 19.2 Prebiotics 218 19.3 Probiotics 221 19.4 Synbiotics 227 19.5 Conclusion 228 20 Current Status and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Patients Suffering from Irritable Bowel Syndrome 231 Mohamed Hussein Arbab 20.

1 Introduction 231 20.2 Donor Selection 232 20.3 Safety Issues of FMT for IBS 233 20.4 Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of FMT 234 20.5 Conclusion and Perspective 234 References 235 Index 239.