About the editors About the contributors Foreword Morris Tidball-Binz Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Preface Sévane Garibian University of Geneva Faculty of Law Département de droit pénal Right to Truth, Truth(s) through Rights : Mass Crimes Impunity and Transitional Justice Series preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Anthropology of violent death and treatment of the bodies: An introduction Roberto C. Parra and Douglas H. Ubelaker Chapter 2. Posthumous dignity of the dead persons Antoon De Baets 2.1 Introduction: generations and posthumous dignity 2.2 The dead and posthumous dignity 2.

3 Evidence for posthumous dignity 2.4 Duties flowing from posthumous dignity 2.5 The nature of posthumous dignity 2.6 Semantic debates about posthumous dignity 2.7 Breaches of posthumous dignity 2.8 Restoration of posthumous dignity 2.9 Conclusion: The impact of posthumous dignity Chapter 3. Continuing bonds and social death: absence-presence Avril Maddrell 3.

1 What are continuing bonds and how are they experienced and expressed? 3.2 Continuing bonds and the wellbeing of mourners 3.3 Implications for professional service providers Chapter 4. The Archaeology of disappearance Alfredo Gonzalez-Ruibal 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Disappearance and power: concealment, dispersal, virtualization 4.3 Material disappearance, human disappearance 4.4 The disappearance of disappearance 4.

5 Concluding remarks Chapter 5. Bioarchaeology of violent death Anna Osterholtz, Debra Martin and Ryan Harrod 5.1 Introduction and background 5.2 Categories of group-level violent death 5.2.1 Bioarchaeology of massacres 5.3 Case studies illustrating integrative approaches to massacres in the past 5.3.

1 Sandby borg Massacre (1500 BCE) 5.3.2 Potocani, Croatia (6200 BCE) 5.3.3 Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) 5.3.4 Kratophanous violence and ritualized death 5.3.

4.1 Ritualized death 5.3.5. Kratophanous violence or witch execution 5.4. Differentiating between Kratophanous violence and ritualized death 5.4.

1. Captives and the enslaved 5.4.2 Group-level conflict: Raiding and warfare 5.5 Conclusions Chapter 6. Destruction, mass violence and human remains: dealing with dead bodies as a "total social phenomenon" Elisabeth Anstett 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Understanding the forms taken by the Forensic Turn, and its effects 6.

3 Understanding the genealogy of professional practices of disinterment 6.4 The blind spots of a total social phenomenon of great complexity 6.5 Conclusion Chapter 7. Kill, kill again and destroy: when death is not enough Roberto C. Parra, Digna M. Vigo-Corea, Pierre Perich 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Dehumanizing 7.

3 When death is not enough 7.3.1 Violent death in a Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) context 7.3.2 The Power of Symbols, Beliefs and Violent Death in Kasai 7.3.2.1 Symbolic significance of mass graves 7.

4 Dismembering/mutilating: the perspective from culture 7.4.1 How to understand Kasai''s violent events 7.5 Conclusions Chapter 8. Mourning violent deaths and disappearances Antonius CGM Robben 8.1. Introduction 8.2 The conflictive mourning of the dead and missing after the First World War 8.

3 Enduring bonds of the living, the dead, and the disappeared in Argentina 8.4 Oscillatory mourning of the dead and the disappeared by the bereaved 8.5 Conclusion Chapter 9. Whose humanitarianism, whose forensic anthropology? Jaymelee Kim and Adam Rosenblatt 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Positionality of the authors 9.3 Reconceptualizing violent deaths 9.4 The dead as participants in forensic anthropology 9.

4.1 The case of Acholiland, Uganda: Violent deaths and disturbing spirits 9.4.2 The case of csnam, British Columbia, Canada: Violence against the dead 9.4.3 The case of MetFern Cemetery, Massachusetts, USA: The violence of erasure and the forensics of disability 9.5 What''s missing from human rights 9.6 The continued expansion of forensic anthropology Chapter 10.

Battlefields and killed in action: Tomb of the unknown soldiers and commemoration Laura Wittman 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Tomb of the Unknown soldier 10.2.1 We cannot then but ask 10.3 Mutilated victory 10.4 As an epilogue Chapter 11. Mass grave protection and missing persons Melanie Klinkner 11.

1 Introduction 11.2 Missing persons in mass graves: A world-wide phenomenon 11.3 The legal framework for mass grave protection 11.3.1 Missing persons and international norms 11.3.2 Mass graves and international norms 11.3.

2.1 The investigative duty 11.3.2.2 Identification 11.3.2.3 Return of human remains 11.

3.2.4 Pursuit of justice 11.3.2.5 Commemoration 11.4 Practicalities of protection 11.5 Protection on a global scale 11.

5.1 Mapping as a form of protection? 11.5.2 Understanding the ramifications of existing rights 11.6 Conclusion: the need to do better Chapter 12. Respect for the dead under IHL and Islamic law: Considerations for humanitarian forensics Ahmed Al-Dawoody and Alexandra J. Ortiz 12.1 Introduction 12.

2 The legal framework 12.3 Search for, collect and evacuate the dead without adverse distinction 12.4 Identification and recording of information on the dead 12.5 Respecting the dead and dignified treatment 12.6 Respectful disposal of the dead 12.7 Gravesites and other locations of mortal remains 12.8 Exhumations 12.9 Return of human remains and personal effects of the dead 12.

10 Conclusion Chapter 13. Unmaking forgotten mass graves and honorable burial: Enganging with the Spanish Civil War legacy Francisco Ferrandiz 13.1 Overture 13.2 On funerary militarism 13.3 Franco''s militarist imprint under siege 13.4 Unmaking the Generalissimo''s burial 13.5 Military disassemblage Chapter 14. Dealing with bad death in post-conflict societies: Forensic devices, burials of exhumed remains, and mourning processes in Peru Valérie Robin Azevedo 14.

1 Models for dealing with death: Morphologies of "good death" and "bad death" 14.2 Contexts of mass violence through the lens of bad death 14.3 Transitional justice, the forensic turn, and the "dignified burial": Can we reverse bad death? 14.4 From the necropolitics to the necrogovernamentality of the Peruvian state 14.5 Exhumation of mass graves and the reactivation of bad death in the Andes 14.6 The task of identification or the process of rehumanization of ill-treated bodies 14.7 The uncertain dates and stretched time of bad death 14.8 Body substitutes in the absence of any trace of remains 14.

9 Conclusion Chapter 15. Migrant death and humanitarian forensic science: Envisioning an ethics of praxis at the US-Mexico border Alyson O''Daniel, Krista Latham and Tanya Ramos 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Disciplinary ethics and social change: contextualizing forensic anthropology practices 15.3 Methods and Scope 15.4 Making the case for a more socially aware practice of forensic anthropology 15.5 Closing Chapter 16. Bedeviling binaries: An integrated and dialectical approach to forensic Anthropology in Northern Uganda Tricia Redeker Hepner and Dawnie Wolfe Steadman 16.

1 Introduction 16.2 Restless spirits and human remains in Acholiland, Uganda 16.3 The integrated approach 16.4 To excavate or not to excavate? 16.5 Conclusion: From binary to dialectical relationships Chapter 17. Guiding principles for the dignified management of the dead in humanitarian emergencies and to prevent them becoming missing persons Stephen Cordner and Morris Tidball-Binz 17.1 Why the need for these Principles? 17.2 To whom are the principles addressed? 17.

3 Setting the scene 17.4 The Preamble to the Guiding Principles 17.5 The guiding principles 17.6 The process of producing the Guiding Principles 17.7 Conclusion Chapter 18. Epilogue: Anthropology of violent death and forensic humanitarian action Douglas H. Ubelaker and Roberto C. Parra 18.

1 Humanity and its less violent reactions? 18.2 Anthropology applied to forensic sciences and the notion of anthropology of violent death in the humanitarian context 18.2.1 The theoretical approach of forensic anthropology: beyond the classic empirical vision 18.2.2 Anthropology of violent death and humanitarian action.