Foreword to The Fifth Edition xiii Edward Mazria Foreword to The First Edition xv James Marston Fitch Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix Part I Fundamentals 1 1 Background: Architecture In A Warming World 3 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Indigenous and Vernacular Architecture 5 1.3 Formal Architecture 6 1.4 Architecture and Energy 8 1.5 The Architectural Approach to Low-Energy Design 11 1.6 Climate and Architecture 14 1.7 Dynamic Versus Static Buildings 15 1.

8 Form, Color and Ornamentation 15 1.9 Biophilic Design 18 1.10 Resilient Design 18 1.11 Sustainability Codes and Voluntary Programs 20 1.12 The Moral Imperative 20 1.13 Conclusion 21 Executive Summary 21 Resources 22 2 Climate Change: The Key Sustainability Issue 23 2.1 Easter Island: Learning From the Past 24 2.2 Sustainable Design and Climate Change 24 2.

3 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Regenerate by Design 25 2.4 The Sustainability Movement 27 2.5 The Basic Causes of Environmental Problems 28 2.6 Growth 31 2.7 Exponential Growth 31 2.8 The Amoeba Analogy 32 2.9 Supply Versus Efficiency 33 2.10 Sustainable-Design Issues 33 2.

11 Embodied Energy 34 2.12 Climate Change 35 2.13 The Ozone Hole 37 2.14 Efficiency Versus Renewable Energy 37 2.15 Energy Sources 37 2.16 Energy Use in Ancient Greece 38 2.17 Nonrenewable Fossil Energy Sources 39 2.18 Nuclear Energy 40 2.

19 Renewable Energy Sources 41 2.20 Conclusion 48 Executive Summary 49 Resources 50 3 Basic Principles: The Physics Of Heat Flow For Heating And Cooling Buildings 51 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Heat 52 3.3 Sensible Heat 52 3.4 Latent Heat 53 3.5 Evaporative Cooling 53 3.6 Convection 54 3.

7 Transport 54 3.8 Energy-Transfer Mediums 55 3.9 Radiation 55 3.10 Greenhouse Effect 57 3.11 Equilibrium Temperature of a Surface 58 3.12 Mean Radiant Temperature 59 3.13 Heat Flow 59 3.14 Heat Sink 60 3.

15 Heat Capacity 60 3.16 Thermal Resistance 60 3.17 Heat-Flow Coefficient 61 3.18 Time Lag 61 3.19 Insulating Effect of Mass 62 3.20 Energy Conversion 63 3.21 Combined Heat and Power 63 3.22 Off-Site Versus On-Site Renewable Energy 64 3.

23 The Game Changers: Heat Pumps and Batteries 64 3.24 Net-Zero Buildings 65 3.25 Conclusion 65 Executive Summary 66 4 Climate: Its Significant Impact On Buildings 67 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 Climate 68 4.3 Microclimate 70 4.4 Climatic Anomalies 73 4.5 Climate Regions in a Time of Climate Change 74 4.

6 Explanations of the Climatic Data Tables 75 4.7 Relative Heating and Cooling Loads 80 4.8 Climatic Data Tables 84 4.9 Design Strategies 119 Executive Summary 125 Resources 126 5 Psychometrics: Thermal Comfort 127 5.1 Biological Machine 128 5.2 Thermal Barriers 129 5.3 Metabolic Rate 131 5.4 Thermal Conditions of the Environment 131 5.

5 The Psychrometric Chart 133 5.6 Dew Point and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 135 5.7 Heat Content of Air 136 5.8 Thermal Comfort 138 5.9 Shifting of the Comfort Zone 139 5.10 Adaptive Comfort 141 5.11 Clothing and Comfort 141 5.12 Strategies 142 5.

13 Conclusion 142 Executive Summary 143 Resources 143 6 Solar Geometry: The Most Powerful Element Of Design 145 6.1 Introduction 146 6.2 The Sun 146 6.3 Elliptical Orbit 146 6.4 Tilt of the Earth''s Axis 147 6.5 Consequences of the Altitude Angle 147 6.6 Winter 148 6.7 The Sun Revolves Around the Earth! 149 6.

8 The Sky Dome 149 6.9 Determining Altitude and Azimuth Angles 150 6.10 Solar Time 152 6.11 Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams 152 6.12 Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams 154 6.13 Drawing Sunbeams 155 6.14 Sun-Path Models 159 6.15 Solar Heat Gain 160 6.

16 Solar Site-Evaluation tools 165 6.17 Heliodons 165 6.18 Sundials for Model Testing 166 6.19 Conceptually Clear Heliodons 167 6.20 Solar Responsive Design Strategies 168 6.20 Conclusion 170 Executive Summary 170 Resources 171 Part II Passive Design Strategies 173 7 Passive Heating Systems: The Solar Potential Of Natural Heating 175 7.1 History 176 7.2 Solar in America 177 7.

3 Solar Hemicycle 178 7.4 Latest Rediscovery of Passive Solar 179 7.5 Passive Solar 180 7.6 Direct-Gain Systems 181 7.7 Design Guidelines for Direct-Gain Systems 183 7.8 Example 186 7.9 Trombe Wall Systems 186 7.10 Design Guidelines for Trombe Wall Systems 190 7.

11 Example 190 7.12 Sunspaces 190 7.13 Balcomb House 193 7.14 Sunspace Design Guidelines 194 7.15 Comparison of the Three Main Passive Heating Systems 195 7.16 General Considerations for Passive Solar Systems 196 7.17 Heat-Storage Materials 201 7.18 Other Passive Heating Systems 203 7.

19 Maximizing Passive Solar 204 7.20 Conclusion 204 Executive Summary 205 Resources 205 8 Solar Rejection: Shading and Light Colors 207 8.1 Introduction to Solar Rejection 208 8.2 History of Shading and Light Colors 208 8.3 Shading Myths 213 8.4 Shading Basics 215 8.5 Fixed Exterior Shading Devices 217 8.6 Dynamic (Movable) Shading Devices 220 8.

7 Shading Periods of the Year 229 8.8 Overhangs 232 8.9 Design of Horizontal Overhangs: Basic Graphical Method 233 8.10 Shading Design Strategies for South Windows 235 8.11 Shading Design Strategies for East and West Windows 236 8.12 Design of Fins on North Windows 240 8.13 Design Guidelines for Eggcrate Shading Devices 241 8.14 Special Shading Strategies 241 8.

15 Shading Outdoor Spaces 245 8.16 Using Physical Models for Shading Design 247 8.17 Glazing as the Shading Element 253 8.18 Interior Shading Devices 259 8.19 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 260 8.20 Roof and Wall Reflectivity 260 8.21 Conclusion 263 Executive Summary 267 Resources 267 9 Passive Cooling: Natural Cooling, Raising the Comfort Zone, And Heat Avoidance 269 9.1 Introduction to Cooling 270 9.

2 Historical and Indigenous Use of Passive Cooling 270 9.3 Passive Cooling Systems 276 9.4 Comfort Ventilation Versus Night- Flush Cooling 277 9.5 Basic Principles of Airflow 277 9.6 Airflow Through Buildings 281 9.7 Example of Ventilation Design 291 9.8 Comfort Ventilation 293 9.9 Night-Flush Cooling 295 9.

10 Double-Skin Facades and Operable Roofs 298 9.11 Radiant Cooling 299 9.12 Evaporative Cooling 304 9.13 Cool Towers 307 9.14 Earth Cooling 308 9.15 Dehumidification with a Desiccant 311 9.16 Solar Chimney 311 9.17 Conclusion 313 Executive Summary 313 Resources 313 10 Site Analysis: Orientation, Landscape and Context In Net-Zero Design 315 10.

1 Introduction 316 10.2 Analysis 317 10.3 Site Selection 319 10.4 Solar Access 320 10.5 Shadow Patterns 322 10.6 Site Planning 326 10.7 Solar Zoning 328 10.8 Physical Models 332 10.

9 Wind and Site Design 334 10.10 Plants and Vegetation 338 10.11 Vegetated Roofs 347 10.12 Lawns 350 10.13 Landscaping 350 10.14 Community Design 356 10.15 Cooling Our Communities 358 10.16 Conclusion 359 Executive Summary 360 Resources 360 11 Light: Color, Vision, and Perception 363 11.

1 Introduction 364 11.2 Light 365 11.3 Reflectance/Transmittance 368 11.4 Color 369 11.5 Vision 372 11.6 Perception 374 11.7 Performance of a Visual Task 377 11.8 Characteristics of the Visual Task 377 11.

9 Illumination Level 379 11.10 Brightness Ratios 380 11.11 Glare 382 11.12 Equivalent Spherical Illumination 385 11.13 Activity Needs 387 11.14 Biological Needs 390 11.15 Light and Health 393 11.16 The Poetry of Light 393 11.

17 Rules for Lighting Design 394 11.18 Career Possibilities 395 11.19 Conclusion 395 Executive Summary 396 Resources 397 12 Daylighting: Architectural Control for Natural Beauty, Comfort, and Energy Reduction 399 12.1 History of Daylighting 400 12.2 Why Daylighting? 402 12.3 The Nature of Daylight 404 12.4 Conceptual Model 407 12.5 Illumination and the Daylight Factor 408 12.

6 Light Without Heat? 411 12.7 Cool Daylight 411 12.8 Goals of Daylighting 413 12.9 Basic Daylighting Strategies 414 12.10 Basic Window Strategies 417 12.11 Advanced Window Strategies 420 12.12 Window Glazing Materials 425 12.13 Top Lighting 428 12.

14 Skylight Strategies 429 12.15 Clerestories, Monitors, and Light Scoops 433 12.16 Special Daylighting Techniques 437 12.17 Translucent Walls and Roofs 439 12.18 Electric Lighting as a Supplement to Daylighting 443 12.19 Physical Modeling 445 12.20 Guidelines for Daylighting 450 12.21 Conclusion 451 Executive Summary 451 Resources 452 13 The Thermal Envelope: Keeping W.