Acknowledgements and dedication vii 1 Introduction 2 Craniofacial growth and development 2 An introduction to facial growth and development 6 3 Growth and development of the neurocranium 8 4 Growth and development of the naso-maxillary complex 10 5 Growth and development of the mandible 12 6 Growth and development of the soft tissues 14 7 Development of the dentition 16 Diagnosis and treatment planning 8 The aetiology of malocclusion: (i) skeletal and soft tissue factors 20 9 The aetiology of malocclusion: (ii) locals factors and habits 22 10 Classification of malocclusion 24 11 Principles of orthodontic treatment planning 26 12 Risks and benefits of orthodontic treatment 28 13 History 30 14 Extra-oral examination: skeletal pattern 32 15 Extra-oral examination: soft tissues 34 16 Intra-oral examination 36 17 Smile analysis 38 18 Space analysis 40 19 Orthodontic records 42 20 Cephalometric analysis 44 The management of malocclusion 21 Class I malocclusion 48 22 Class II division 1 malocclusion 50 23 Class II division 2 malocclusion 52 24 Class III malocclusion 54 25 Asymmetries 56 26 Open bite malocclusion 58 27 Deep bite malocclusion 60 28 Interceptive orthodontics 62 29 Poor prognosis first permanent molars 64 30 Crossbites 66 31 Impacted teeth 68 32 Impacted maxillary canines 70 33 Hypodontia 72 34 Supernumerary teeth 74 Treatment techniques 35 The biology of tooth movement 78 36 Biomechanics of tooth movement 80 37 Anchorage management 82 38 Removable appliances 84 39 Functional appliances 86 40 Fixed appliances 88 41 Stability and retention 90 42 Adult orthodontics 92 43 Orthognathic surgery 94 44 Cleft lip and palate 96 Appendix 1 The Index of Orthodontic Treatment need (IOTN) 98 Appendix 2 Commonly used cephalometric points and reference lines 100 Glossary of orthodontic terms 101 Index 104.