Context and Background 1. EU-Level Parental Antitrust Liability and the Crucial Issue of Its Legitimacy 2. Assessing the Legitimacy of the EU-Level Doctrine of Parental Antitrust Liability The Foundations of the EU-Level Doctrine of Parental Antitrust Liability: 'Undertaking' and the Imputation Process 3. 'Undertaking' and Its Legal Implications 4. Determining the Constituent Elements of an Undertaking 5. The Constituent Elements of an Undertaking to Which an Infringement Can Be Imputed The EU-Level Doctrine of Parental Antitrust Liability 6. The Specifics of the Doctrine: Imputing the Competition Law Violation to the Parent Company 7. The EU-Level Approach to Parental Liability and Its Impact on the Imposition and Construction of Antitrust Fines 8.

The EU-Level Approach to Parental Liability and Its Interaction with Other Enforcement Policies and Doctrines Legitimacy as 'Justifiability': Rationalising the Existence of Parental Liability for EU Competition Law Violations 9. Deterrence in EU Competition Law and Its Relevance to Parental Liability 10. Employing Deterrence Theory to Justify Parental Liability for Competition Violations 11. The Applicability to EU-Level Enforcement of the Deterrence-Based Justification for Parental Liability Legitimacy as 'Effectiveness': The Deterrence-Based Rationale and the Specifics of the EU-Level Doctrine of Parental Antitrust Liability 12. The Deterrence-Based Rationale and the Scope and Substance of the EU-Level Doctrine of Parental Antitrust Liability 13. The Deterrence-Based Rationale and the Specific Implications of the EU-Level Doctrine of Parental Antitrust Liability Legitimacy as 'Fairness': The Restraining Effect of Retribution on the EU-Level Doctrine of Parental Liability 14. Retribution and Its Relevance to the EU-Level Doctrine of Parental Liability 15. The Personal Responsibility of the Parent Company for the Competition Law Violation of Its Subsidiary 16.

EU Law and Its Consideration of Retribution under the Doctrine of Parental Antitrust Liability 17. A Problematic Mismatch between EU Jurisprudence on Parental Liability and Principle Legitimacy as 'Legality': The Restraining Impact of General Principles of EU Law on the Doctrine of Parental Liability 18. Parental Liability and the Principle of 'Ne Bis In Idem' 19. The EU-Level Doctrine of Parental Liability and the Presumption of Innocence 20. Justifying in Principle the 100% Shareholding Presumption: An Alternative (Proportionality-Focused) Assessment Ensuring the Legitimacy of the EU-Level Doctrine of Parental Antitrust Liability 21. A Proposal for a More Legitimate Approach to Parental Liability in EU Competition Law.