In Integration and New Limits on Citizenship Rights, Nicole Stokes-Dupass observes how recent changes to Danish laws intended to restrict "e;sham marriages"e; and increased immigration also limit the marital and citizenship rights of native and ethnic Danes. Stokes-Dupass focuses on the increasing role of nation states as critical actors in using social policy to make race (racial and ethnic hierarchies) and to redefine what it means to be a full citizen. She asserts that nation states with recent and rising immigration have constrained citizenship from performing its traditional role, using it to divide populations rather than to unite them.