About the Editors xiii List of Contributors xv Preface xxi Acknowledgement xxiii Part I Fundamentals of IRS 1 1 Introduction to Intelligent Surfaces 3 Kaitao Meng, Qingqing Wu, Trung Q. Duong, Derrick Wing Kwan Ng, Robert Schober, and Rui Zhang 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Concept of Intelligent Surfaces 5 1.3 Advantages of Intelligence Surface 7 1.4 Potential Applications 8 1.5 Conclusion 12 2 IRS Architecture and Hardware Design 15 Zijian Zhang, Yuhao Chen, Qiumo Yu, and Linglong Dai 2.1 Metamaterials: Basics of IRS 15 2.

2 Programmable Metasurfaces 16 2.3 IRS Hardware Design 18 2.4 State-of-the-Art IRS Prototype 23 3 On Path Loss and Channel Reciprocity of RIS-Assisted Wireless Communications 37 Wankai Tang, Jinghe Wang, Jun Yan Dai, Marco Di Renzo, Shi Jin, Qiang Cheng, and Tie Jun Cui 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Path Loss Modeling and Channel Reciprocity Analysis 39 3.3 Path Loss Measurement and Channel Reciprocity Validation 47 3.4 Conclusion 54 4 Intelligent Surface Communication Design: Main Challenges and Solutions 59 Kaitao Meng, Qingqing Wu, and Rui Zhang 4.1 Introduction 59 4.

2 Channel Estimation 59 4.3 Passive Beamforming Optimization 65 4.4 IRS Deployment 73 4.5 Conclusion 79 Part II IRS for 6G Wireless Systems 83 5 Overview of IRS for 6G and Industry Advance 85 Ruiqi (Richie) Liu, Konstantinos D. Katsanos, Qingqing Wu, and George C. Alexandropoulos 5.1 IRS for 6G 85 5.2 Industrial Progresses 98 6 RIS-Aided Massive MIMO Antennas 117 Stefano Buzzi, Carmen D''Andrea, and Giovanni Interdonato 6.

1 Introduction 117 6.2 System Model 119 6.3 Uplink/Downlink Signal Processing 123 6.4 Performance Measures 126 6.5 Optimization of the RIS Phase Shifts 128 6.6 Numerical Results 130 6.7 Conclusions 134 7 Localization, Sensing, and Their Integration with RISs 139 George C. Alexandropoulos, Hyowon Kim, Jiguang He, and Henk Wymeersch 7.

1 Introduction 139 7.2 RIS Types and Channel Modeling 142 7.3 Localization with RISs 147 7.4 Sensing with RISs 154 7.5 Conclusion and Open Challenges 159 8 IRS-Aided THz Communications 167 Boyu Ning and Zhi Chen 8.1 IRS-Aided THz MIMO System Model 167 8.2 Beam Training Protocol 168 8.3 IRS Prototyping 175 8.

4 IRS-THz Communication Applications 182 9 Joint Design of Beamforming, Phase Shifting, and Power Allocation in a Multi-cluster IRS-NOMA Network 187 Ximing Xie, Fang Fang, and Zhiguo Ding 9.1 Introduction 187 9.2 System Model and Problem Formulation 190 9.3 Alternating Algorithm 193 9.4 Simulation Result 200 9.5 Conclusion 203 10 IRS-Aided Mobile Edge Computing: From Optimization to Learning 207 Xiaoyan Hu, Kai-Kit Wong, Christos Masouros, and Shi Jin 10.1 Introduction 207 10.2 System Model and Objective 208 10.

3 Optimization-Based Approaches to IRS-Aided MEC 211 10.4 Deep Learning Approaches to IRS-Aided MEC 216 10.5 Comparative Evaluation Results 222 10.6 Conclusions 226 11 Interference Nulling Using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface 229 Tao Jiang, Foad Sohrabi, and Wei Yu 11.1 Introduction 229 11.2 System Model 231 11.3 Interference Nulling via RIS 232 11.4 Learning to Minimize Interference 241 11.

5 Conclusions 247 12 Blind Beamforming for IRS Without Channel Estimation 251 Kaiming Shen and Zhi-Quan Luo 12.1 Introduction 251 12.2 System Model 252 12.3 Random-Max Sampling (RMS) 254 12.4 Conditional Sample Mean (CSM) 255 12.5 Some Comments on CSM 257 12.6 Field Tests 262 12.7 Conclusion 268 13 RIS in Wireless Information and Power Transfer 271 Yang Zhao and Bruno Clerckx 13.

1 Introduction 271 13.2 RIS-Aided WPT 274 13.3 RIS-Aided WIPT 285 13.4 Conclusion 291 14 Beamforming Design for Self-Sustainable IRS-Assisted MISO Downlink Systems 297 Shaokang Hu and Derrick Wing Kwan Ng 14.1 Introduction 297 14.2 System Model 299 14.3 Problem Formulation 303 14.4 Solution 303 14.

5 Numerical Results 307 14.6 Summary 311 14.7 Further Extension 311 15 Optical Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces 315 Hedieh Ajam and Robert Schober 15.1 Introduction 315 15.2 System and Channel Model 317 15.3 Communication Theoretical Modeling of Optical IRSs 319 15.4 Design of Optical IRSs for FSO Systems 327 15.5 Simulation Results 331 15.

6 Future Extension 333 Bibliography 334 Index 335.