Part I. Muscle Architecture and Mechanics Chapter 1. Muscle Architecture Muscle Fascicles and Their Arrangements * Parallel Fibered and Fusiform Muscles * Pennate Muscles * Convergent and Circular Muscles Muscle Fascicle Curvature: Frenet Frames Fiber Architecture in the Fascicles Muscle as a Fiber-Reinforced Composite Fiber, Fascicle, and Muscle Length: Length-Length Ratios * Fiber and Fascicle Length * Length-Length Ratios Muscle Path: Muscle Centroids * Straight-Line Representation of Muscle Path * Centroid Model of Muscle Path * Curved and Wrapping Muscles * Twisted Muscles * Muscles Attaching to More Than Two Bones Cross-Sectional Area, Physiological and Anatomical Muscle Attachment Area Summary Questions for Review Literature List Chapter 2. Properties of Tendons and Passive Muscles Biomechanics of Tendons and Aponeuroses * Elastic Behavior * Viscoelastic Behavior of Tendons * Tendon Interaction With Surrounding Tissues Mechanical Properties of Passive Muscles * Muscle Tone: Equitonometry * Mechanical Properties of Relaxed Muscles On Joint Flexibility Summary Questions for Review Literature List Chapter 3. Mechanics of Active Muscle Muscle Force Production and Transmission * Experimental Methods * Transition From Rest to Activity * Transition From Activity to Rest: Muscle Relaxation * Constancy of the Muscle Volume * Force Transmission and Internal Deformations (Strain) * Intramuscular Stress and Pressure * Functional RelationsForce-Length Relations * Force-Velocity Relations * Force-Length-Velocity Relations History Effects in Muscle Mechanics * Force Depression After Muscle Shortening * Effects of Muscle Release: Quick-Release and Controlled-Release Methods: Series Muscle Components Summary Questions for Review Literature List Chapter 4. Muscles as Force and Energy Absorbers Muscle Mechanical Behavior During Stretch * Dynamic Force Enhancement * Residual Force Enhancement Muscle Shortening After Stretch * Work and Power During Shortening After Stretch * Energy Consumption During Stretch and Efficiency of the Muscle Shortening After Stretch Dissipation of Energy Mechanical Muscle Models * Hill-Type Model * Model Scaling Summary Questions for Review Literature List Part II Muscles in the Body Chapter 5. From Muscle Forces to Joint Moments Force Transmission: From Muscle to Bone * From Muscle to Tendon * From Tendon to Bone * Tendon Elasticity and Isometric Force-Length Relation Force Transmission Via Soft Tissue Skeleton (Fascia) * Structure of Fascia * Muscle-Tendon-Fascia Attachments * Fascia as Soft Tissue Skeleton (Ectoskeleton) Muscle Moment Arms * Muscle Moment Arm Vectors and Their Components * Methods for Determination of Muscle Moment Arms * Factors Affecting Muscle Moment Arm * Transformation of Muscle Forces to Joint Moments: Muscle Jacobian Summary Questions for Review Literature List Chapter 6. Two-Joint Muscles in Human Motion Two-Joint Muscles: A Special Case of Multifunctional Muscles * Functional Features of Two-Joint Muscles * Anatomical and Morphological Features of Two-Joint Muscles Functional Roles of Two-Joint Muscles * Kinetic Analysis of Two-Joint Muscles: Lombard''s Paradox * Kinematic Analysis of Two-Joint Muscles: Solution of Lombard''s Paradox Mechanical Energy Transfer and Saving by Two-Joint Muscles * Tendon Action of Two-Joint Muscles * Saving Mechanical Energy by Two-Joint Muscles Summary Questions for Review Literature List Chapter 7.

Eccentric Muscle Action in Human Motion Joint Power and Work as Measures of Eccentric Action * Negative Power and Work at a Joint * Total Negative Power and Work in Several Joints * Negative Power of Center of Mass Motion * Two Ways of Mechanical Energy Dissipation: Softness of Landing Negative Work in Selected Activities * Walking * Stair Descent and Ascent * Level, Downhill, and Uphill Running * Landing Joint Moments During Eccentric Actions * Maximal Joint Moments During Eccentric Actions * Force Changes During and After Stretch * Residual Force Enhancement in Humans Muscle Activity During Eccentric Actions * Surface Electromyographic Activity During Eccentric Actions * Motor Unit Activity During Eccentric Actions * Electromechanical Delay Physiological Cost of Eccentric Action * Oxygen Consumption During Eccentric and Concentric Exercise * Fatigue and Perceived Exertion During Eccentric Action * Muscle Soreness After Eccentric Exercise Reversible Muscle Action: Stretch-Shortening Cycle * Enhancement of Positive Work and Power Production * Mechanisms of the Performance Enhancement in the SSC * Efficiency of Positive Work in SSC Summary Questions for Review Literature List Chapter 8. Muscle Coordination in Human Motion Kinematic Redundancy and Kinematic Invariant Characteristics of Limb Movements * Straight-Line Limb Endpoint Trajectory * Bell-Shaped Velocity Profile8.1.3 Power Law * Fitts'' Law * Principle of Least Action Kinetic Invariant Characteristics of Limb Movements * Elbow-Shoulder Joint Moment Covariation During Arm Reaching * Minimum Joint Moment Change * Orientation and Shape of the Arm Apparent Stiffness Ellipses Muscle Redundancy * Sources of Muscle Redundancy * Invariant Features of Muscle Activity Patterns The Distribution Problem * Static Optimization * Dynamic Optimization * Inverse Optimization * On Optimization Methods in Human Biomechanics and Motor Control Summary Questions for Review Literature List.