Preface xi Chapter 1 Introduction to Stainless Steel 1 Stainless Steel 1 History 9 Modern Production 10 Environmental, Safety, and Hygiene 13 Stainless Steel for the Arts 15 Chapter 2 Alloys 23 Alloys 23 Alloying Elements 24 Tempers and Heat Treatment 27 Stainless Steel Classifications 28 Austenitic Stainless Steels 29 Magnetism and Magnetic Permeability 31 Ferritic Stainless Steels 32 Martensitic Stainless Steels 32 Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel 33 Duplex Stainless Steels 34 Choosing the Right Alloy 35 Architectural Alloys: Wrought Sheet, Plate, Bar, Rod, Pipe, Tube, and Wire 38 Architectural Cast Alloys 52 Chapter 3 Surface Finishes 57 Metallic Luster 57 Finish on the Surface 58 Natural Color 59 One Side Prime for Flat Products 63 The Need for a Clean Surface 64 Anti-Fingerprint Coatings 65 Post-Finishing Protection 65 Stainless Steel Finishes 66 Mill Finishes 67 Mechanical Finishes 73 Directional Finishes 74 Non-Directional Finishes 82 Custom Mechanical Finishes 89 Highly Custom Surface Finishes 91 Mirror Finishes 93 Plastic Deformation Surface Finishes 95 "Water" Finish 96 Embossing 96 Selective Embossing 98 Coining 100 Chemical Finishes: Coloring of Stainless Steel 101 Electropolishing: Brightening the Finish 115 Etching 118 Bluing 119 Chapter 4 Expectations of the Stainless Steel Surface 123 Reflectivity: Brightness and Intensity 123 Surface Finish and Reflectivity 135 Arriving At Objective Criteria 143 Flatness 145 The True Nature of the Metal 147 Effects of Fabrication 149 Effects of Temperature Changes 152 The Relationship Between Thickness and Flatness 155 Prototype Viewing Protocol 157 Texturing to Improve Flatness 157 Standards of Flatness 159 Grain Direction 164 Grain Size and Surface Clarity 167 Alloying Constituents and Surface Clarity 168 External Variables: Energy of Light Source 170 External Variables: Angle of Illumination 172 Surface Finish and Perceived Distortion 172 Arriving at the Best Possible Outcome 174 Chapter 5 Designing with Available Forms 177 Basic Forms of Stainless Steel 178 The Stainless Steel Mill 179 Mill Packaging Requirements 183 Sheet: The Architectural Form of Stainless Steel 184 Stainless Steel Sheet Dimensions 185 Perforated and Expanded Stainless Steel 190 Plate 196 Bar and Rod 197 Cold Drawn Stainless Steel Shapes 199 Tubing and Pipe 199 Wire, Woven Wire, and Screens 201 Extrusion 203 Structural Shapes 204 Designing with Stainless Steel Structural Forms 206 Powder, Bead, and Shot 208 Foil 209 Cast Stainless Steel 209 Chapter 6 Fabrication Processes 213 Working With Stainless Steel 213 Temporary Protective Coatings 215 Cutting Stainless Steel 216 Forming 220 V-Cutting 226 Hot Forming 227 Forging 228 Machining 229 Soldering and Brazing 230 Welding 232 Casting 243 Chapter 7 Corrosion Resistance Characteristics 249 Passivity 251 The Chloride Ion 252 Alloying Elements 253 Environmental Exposures 254 Corrosion 256 Passivation 273 Cleaning a Contaminated Surface 273 Conditions That Promote Corrosion in Stainless Steels 275 Chapter 8 Maintaining the Stainless Steel Surface 277 The New Surface 277 Basic Cleaning of a Stainless Steel Surface 277 Achieving Physical Cleanliness 279 Achieving Chemical Cleanliness 287 Achieving Mechanical Cleanliness 314 Distortion Due to Fabrication and Welding 323 Distortion from Cold Forming Operations 326 Hail Damage and Small Dent Repair 326 Appendix A Stainless Steel Specifications Specific to Architectural and Art Applications (US and European) 331 Standard-Setting Organizations (Partial List) 331 General Specifications 332 Plate, Sheet, and Strip Wrought Products 332 Tubing 333 Bolts 333 Wire and Rod 333 Castings 334 Bars and Shapes 334 Welding 334 Appendix B Relative Cost of Different Finishes of Wrought Stainless Steel 335 Appendix C Relative Gloss/Reflectivity of Different Stainless Steel Finishes 337 Appendix D List of Designers and Finishes Shown in the Book 339 Further Reading 343 Index 345.