About the Editors xxiii List of Contributors xxv Foreword xxix Preface xxxiii Part One THE SOCIO-TECHNICAL CONTEXT OF SYSTEM HEALTHMANAGEMENT Charles D. Mott 1 The Theory of System Health Management 3 Stephen B. Johnson Overview 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Functions, Off-Nominal States, and Causation 7 1.3 Complexity and Knowledge Limitations 10 1.4 SHM Mitigation Strategies 11 1.5 Operational Fault Management Functions 12 1.

6 Mechanisms 19 1.7 Summary of Principles 22 1.8 SHM Implementation 23 1.9 Some Implications 24 1.10 Conclusion 26 Bibliography 26 2 Multimodal Communication 29 Beverly A. Sauer Overview 29 2.1 Multimodal Communication in SHM 31 2.2 Communication Channels 34 2.

3 Learning from Disaster 36 2.4 Current Communication in the Aerospace Industry 37 2.5 The Problem of Sense-making in SHM Communication 37 2.6 The Costs of Faulty Communication 38 2.7 Implications 39 2.8 Conclusion 41 Acknowledgments 43 Bibliography 43 3 Highly Reliable Organizations 49 Andrew Wiedlea Overview 49 3.1 The Study of HROs and Design for Dependability 49 3.2 Lessons from the Field: HRO Patterns of Behavior 52 3.

2.1 Inseparability of Systemic Equipment and AnthropologicHazards 53 3.2.2 Dynamic Management of System Risks 54 3.2.3 Social Perceptions of Benefits and Hazards 56 3.3 Dependable Design, Organizational Behavior, and Connectionsto the HRO Project 57 3.4 Conclusion 60 Bibliography 61 4 Knowledge Management 65 Edward W.

Rogers Overview 65 4.1 Systems as Embedded Knowledge 66 4.2 KM and Information Technology 66 4.3 Reliability and Sustainability of Organizational Systems67 4.4 Case Study of Building a Learning Organization: GoddardSpace Flight Center 69 4.5 Conclusion 75 Bibliography 75 5 The Business Case for SHM 77 Kirby Keller and James Poblete Overview 77 5.1 Business Case Processes and Tools 78 5.2 Metrics to Support the Decision Process 80 5.

3 Factors to Consider in Developing an Enterprise Model 82 5.4 Evaluation of Alternatives 86 5.5 Modifications in Selected Baseline Model 86 5.6 Modeling Risk and Uncertainty 87 5.7 Model Verification and Validation 88 5.8 Evaluation Results 88 5.9 Conclusion 90 Bibliography 91 Part Two SHM AND THE SYSTEM LIFECYCLE Seth S. Kessler 6 Health Management Systems Engineering and Integration95 Timothy J.

Wilmering and Charles D. Mott Overview 95 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Systems Thinking 96 6.3 Knowledge Management 97 6.4 Systems Engineering 98 6.5 Systems Engineering Lifecycle Stages 99 6.6 Systems Engineering, Dependability, and Health Management100 6.

7 SHM Lifecycle Stages 103 6.8 SHM Analysis Models and Tools 110 6.9 Conclusion 112 Acknowledgments 112 Bibliography 112 7 Architecture 115 Ryan W. Deal and Seth S. Kessler Overview 115 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 SHM System Architecture Components 117 7.3 Examples of Power and Data Considerations 119 7.

4 SHM System Architecture Characteristics 120 7.5 SHM System Architecture Advanced Concepts 126 7.6 Conclusion 126 Bibliography 127 8 System Design and Analysis Methods 129 Irem Y. Tumer Overview 129 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Lifecycle Considerations 130 8.3 Design Methods and Practices for Effective SHM 132 8.4 Conclusion 141 Acknowledgments 142 Bibliography 142 9 Assessing and Maturing Technology Readiness Levels145 Ryan M.

Mackey Overview 145 9.1 Introduction 145 9.2 Motivating Maturity Assessment 146 9.3 Review of Technology Readiness Levels 147 9.4 Special Needs of SHM 149 9.5 Mitigation Approaches 151 9.6 TRLs for SHM 153 9.7 A Sample Maturation Effort 154 9.

8 Conclusion 156 Bibliography 157 10 Verification and Validation 159 Lawrence Z. Markosian, Martin S. Feather and David E.Brinza Overview 159 10.1 Introduction 159 10.2 Existing Software V&V 160 10.3 Feasibility and Sufficiency of Existing Software V&VPractices for SHM 165 10.4 Opportunities for Emerging V&V Techniques Suited to SHM167 10.

5 V&V Considerations for SHM Sensors and Avionics 170 10.6 V&V Planning for a Specific SHM Application 171 10.7 A Systems Engineering Perspective on V&V of SHM 180 10.8 Conclusion 181 Acknowledgments 181 Bibliography 181 11 Certifying Vehicle Health Monitoring Systems 185 Seth S. Kessler, Thomas Brotherton and Grant A.Gordon Overview 185 11.1 Introduction 185 11.2 Durability for VHM Systems 186 11.

3 Mechanical Design for Structural Health Monitoring Systems189 11.4 Reliability and Longevity of VHM Systems 190 11.5 Software and Hardware Certification 190 11.6 Airworthiness Certification 191 11.7 Health and Usage Monitoring System Certification Example191 11.8 Conclusion 194 Acknowledgments 194 Bibliography 194 Part Three ANALYTICAL METHODS Ann Patterson-Hine 12 Physics of Failure 199 Kumar V. Jata and Triplicane A. Parthasarathy Overview 199 12.

1 Introduction 200 12.2 Physics of Failure of Metals 201 12.3 Physics of Failure of CMCs 212 12.4 Conclusion 216 Bibliography 216 13 Failure Assessment 219 Robyn Lutz and Allen Nikora Overview 219 13.1 Introduction 219 13.2 FMEA 220 13.3 SFMEA 221 13.4 FTA 222 13.

5 SFTA 222 13.6 BDSA 223 13.7 Safety Analysis 225 13.8 Software Reliability Engineering 225 13.9 Tools and Automation 228 13.10 Future Directions 229 13.11 Conclusion 229 Acknowledgments 230 Bibliography 230 14 Reliability 233 William Q. Meeker and Luis A.

Escobar Overview 233 14.1 Time-to-Failure Model Concepts and Two Useful Distributions233 14.2 Introduction to System Reliability 236 14.3 Analysis of Censored Life Data 239 14.4 Accelerated Life Testing 243 14.5 Analysis of Degradation Data 244 14.6 Analysis of Recurrence Data 246 14.7 Software for Statistical Analysis of Reliability Data249 Acknowledgments 250 Bibliography 250 15 Probabilistic Risk Assessment 253 William E.

Vesely Overview 253 15.1 Introduction 253 15.2 The Space Shuttle PRA 254 15.3 Assessing Cumulative Risks to Assist Project RiskManagement 254 15.4 Quantification of Software Reliability 257 15.5 Description of the Techniques Used in the Space Shuttle PRA260 15.6 Conclusion 263 Bibliography 263 16 Diagnosis 265 Ann Patterson-Hine, Gordon B. Aaseng, Gautam Biswas, SriramNarashimhan and Krishna Pattipati Overview 265 16.

1 Introduction 266 16.2 General Diagnosis Problem 267 16.3 Failure Effect Propagation and Impact 267 16.4 Testability Analysis 268 16.5 Diagnosis Techniques 268 16.6 Automation Considerations for Diagnostic Systems 276 16.7 Conclusion 277 Acknowledgments 277 Bibliography 277 17 Prognostics 281 Michael J. Roemer, Carl S.

Byington, Gregory J. Kacprzynski,George Vachtsevanos and Kai Goebel Overview 281 17.1 Background 282 17.2 Prognostic Algorithm Approaches 282 17.3 Prognosis RUL Probability Density Function 287 17.4 Adaptive Prognosis 287 17.5 Performance Metrics 289 17.6 Distributed Prognosis System Architecture 292 17.

7 Conclusion 292 Bibliography 293 Part Four OPERATIONS Karl M. Reichard 18 Quality Assurance 299 Brian K. Hughitt Overview 299 18.1 NASA QA Policy Requirements 300 18.2 Quality System Criteria 302 18.3 Quality Clauses 303 18.4 Workmanship Standards 304 18.5 Government Contract Quality Assurance 304 18.

6 Government Mandatory Inspection Points 305 18.7 Quality System Audit 306 18.8 Conclusion 307 Bibliography 308 19 Maintainability: Theory and Practice 309 Gary O''Neill Overview 309 19.1 Definitions of Reliability and Maintainability 310 19.2 Reliability and Maintainability Engineering 311 19.3 The Practice of Maintainability 314 19.4 Improving R&M Measures 315 19.5 Conclusion 316 Bibliography 317 20 Human Factors 319 Robert S.

McCann and Lilly Spirkovska Overview 319 20.1 Background 320 20.2 Fault Management on Next-Generation Spacecraft 323 20.3 Integrated Fault Management Automation Today 325 20.4 Human-Automation Teaming for Real-Time FM 328 20.5 Operations Concepts for Crew-Automation Teaming330 20.6 Empirical Testing and Evaluation 333 20.7 Future Steps 334 20.

8 Conclusion 336 Bibliography 336 21 Launch Operations 339 Robert D. Waterman, Patricia E. Nicoli, Alan J. Zide, SusanJ. Waterman, Jose M. Perotti, Robert A. Ferr.