Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Section 1 The Basics of Nutrition 1 1 Nutrients and Energy 3 Introduction 3 Nutrients 3 Measures of Energy 4 Gross Energy 4 Digestible Energy 4 Feeding Trials 4 Calculation Method 5 Energy Density 5 References 8 2 Water 11 Introduction 11 Water Quality 11 Water Loss 12 Water Gains 12 Voluntary Oral Intake 12 References 13 3 Carbohydrates 15 Introduction 15 Monosaccharides 15 Disaccharides 16 Oligosaccharides 16 Polysaccharides 16 Carbohydrate Types 17 Resistant Starches 18 Carbohydrate Digestion 18 Carbohydrate Functions 18 Cats and Carbohydrates 19 References 19 4 Fats 21 Introduction 21 Triglycerides 21 Lipoproteins 22 Cholesterol 22 Nutrient Density 22 Fat Digestion 23 Essential Fatty Acids 23 Short-Chain Fatty Acids 24 Lipid Functions 25 Lipid Deficiencies 25 References 25 5 Protein and Amino Acids 27 Introduction 27 Functions of Proteins 28 Glucogenic and Ketogenic Amino Acids 29 Dietary Protein 29 Protein Quality 30 Taurine 31 References 31 6 Vitamins 33 Introduction 33 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 34 Vitamin A 34 Vitamin D 36 Vitamin E 37 Vitamin K 38 Water-Soluble Vitamins 39 B-Complex Vitamins 39 Thiamin 39 Riboflavin 39 Niacin 40 Pyridoxine 40 Pantothenic Acid 41 Folic Acid 41 Biotin 42 Cobalamin 42 Choline 43 Vitamin C 43 Vitamin-Like Substances 43 Carnitine 43 Carotenoids 44 Bioflavonoids 44 References 44 7 Minerals 47 Introduction 47 Macrominerals 48 Calcium 48 Phosphorus 50 Magnesium 50 Sodium and Chloride 50 Sulfur 51 Microminerals 51 Iron 51 Zinc 52 Copper 52 Selenium 53 Iodine 53 Chromium 53 References 54 8 Digestion and Absorption 55 Introduction 55 Digestive Tract 55 Mouth 55 Stomach 56 Small Intestine 57 Bile Salts 58 Hormones in Digestion 58 Digestion After the Intestines 58 Large Intestine 59 References 60 9 Energy Balance 61 Introduction 61 Units of Measure 61 Daily Energy Requirements 61 Resting Energy Requirements 62 Common Measurements of Energy 62 Basal Energy Requirement (BER) 62 Resting Energy Requirement (RER) 62 Maintenance Energy Requirement (MER) 62 Daily Energy Requirement (DER) 62 Gross Energy (GE) 62 Digestible Energy (DE) 62 Metabolizable Energy (ME) 62 Kilocalorie (kcal) 63 3500 kcal 63 Energy Expenditure 63 Body Heat Production 63 Facultative Thermogenesis 63 Voluntary Oral Intake 64 Nutrient Composition 65 Estimated Energy Requirements 65 References 66 10 Gastrointestinal Microbiome 69 Introduction 69 Microbiome 69 Commensal Microbiota 69 Benefits to the Host 70 The Immune System 70 Bacteria 71 Other Components of the Microbiota 72 Effects of Diet on the Microbiota 72 Dysbiosis 73 Conclusion 75 References 75 11 Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics 77 Introduction 77 Definitions 77 The Intestines 78 Prebiotics 78 Probiotics 79 Synbiotics 80 Survivability and Label Claims 80 Conclusion 81 References 81 12 Nutrition Calculations 83 Introduction 83 Units of Measure 83 Converting Units 84 Calculating Resting Energy Requirements (RER) 84 Calculating Daily Energy Requirements (DER) 85 Calculating Feeding Amounts 85 Tube Feeding Calculations 86 Converting Guaranteed Analysis to Energy Density 86 Energy Density Equals 87 Calculating Nutrients as a Percent Metabolizable Energy (ME) Total Calories in 100 g of Food 87 Calculating Meals per Can/Cup/Bag 87 Cost of Feeding 88 Conclusion 88 References 88 Section 2 Nutritional Requirements of Dogs and Cats 89 13 History and Regulation of Pet Foods 91 Introduction 91 Marketing of Pet Foods 91 Production of Pet Foods 92 Regulatory Agencies 92 Association of American Feed Control Officials 92 FDA 93 USDA 94 NRC 94 PFI 94 States 94 Food Recalls 95 Regulations 95 Conclusion 96 References 96 14 Pet Food Labels 97 Introduction 97 Definition of Terms 97 Complete 97 Balanced 97 Regulations 97 Principal Display Panel 98 Product Naming 99 Nutritional Adequacy 99 Information Panel 100 Complete and Balanced for All Life Stages 103 Limited Claim 103 Intermittent or Supplemental 103 Therapeutic 103 Other Label Claims 104 References 104 15 Nutrient Content of Pet Foods 105 Introduction 105 Laboratory Analysis 105 Calculation 105 Final Product Analysis 106 Digestibility 106 Feeding Trials 107 Food Comparisons 107 Metabolizable Energy 108 References 111 16 Types of Pet Foods 113 Introduction 113 Pet Food Library 113 Commercial Diets 113 Dry Pet Foods 114 Moist Pet Foods 115 Semi-Moist Foods 116 Raw 117 Snacks and Treats 118 Toxicity and Recalls 119 References 119 17 Raw Food Diets 121 Introduction 121 Government and Professional Associations 121 Nutritional Content 122 Bacterial Contamination in Food 123 Health of the Pets 124 Dental Health 124 Digestion and Digestive Enzymes 124 Options 125 Conclusion 125 References 125 18 Grain-Free and Boutique Diets 127 Introduction 127 Marketing Versus Science 127 Grains 127 Carbohydrate Digestion 128 Grain Substitutes 128 Nutrient Profiles 128 Dilated Cardiomyopathy 128 Boutique Foods 130 References 130 19 Additives and Pet Food Preservatives 133 Introduction 133 Antioxidants 133 Naturally Derived Antioxidants 134 Synthetic Antioxidants 135 Antimicrobials 136 Functional Ingredients 136 Colors 137 Artificial Flavors and Flavor Enhancers 137 Texture and Mouth Feel 137 Smell 137 Need for Additives 137 References 138 20 Homemade Diets 141 Introduction 141 Why Home Made? 142 Food Preparation 142 Ingredient Choices 143 Assess the Recipe 143 Selecting a Diet 144 Additional Instructions 145 Patient Assessment and Monitoring 145 References 146 21 Resources for Alternative Diets 147 Introduction 147 Descriptors 147 Natural 147 Free in Foods 147 Organic 148 Raw Foods 148 Client Communications 148 Guidelines 148 Options 149 References 149 Section 3 Feeding Management for Dogs and Cats 151 22 Feeding Regimens for Dogs and Cats 153 Introduction 153 Dogs 153 Cats 154 What to Feed 155 Feeding Regimens 156 Free-Choice Feeding 156 Time-Controlled Feeding 157 Portion-Controlled Feedings 157 Puzzle Feeders 159 Behavioral Problems 159 Introducing Puzzles 160 References 160 23 Nutritional Assessment 163 Introduction 163 Screening Evaluation 163 Extended Evaluation 163 Body Condition Scoring 164 Body Condition Score Uses 167 Muscle Condition Scoring 168 Communicating a Nutritional Recommendation 170 References 171 24 Pregnancy and Lactation in Dogs 173 Introduction 173 Pregnancy 173 Lactation 174 The Puppies 174 What to Feed 174 Nutrients 175 Water 175 Protein 175 Fats 176 Carbohydrates 176 Calcium and Phosphorus 176 Digestibility 177 References 177 25 Pregnancy and Lactation in Cats 179 Introduction 179 First Heat Cycle 179 Pregnancy 179 Lactation 180 The Kittens 180 What to Feed 180 Nutrients 181 Water 181 Protein 182 Fat 182 Digestible Carbohydrates 183 Calcium and Phosphorus 183 References 183 26 Neonatal Puppies and Kittens 185 Introduction 185 Nutrition 185 Water 185 Protein 185 Fat 186 Carbohydrate 186 Calcium and Phosphorous 186 Colostrum 186 Milk 186 Thermoregulation 187 Orphans 187 Milk Replacers 188 Weaning 188 References 189 27 Growth in Dogs 191 Introduction 191 Normal Growth 191 What to Feed 192 Energy 192 Protein 192 Fats and Fatty Acids 193 Calcium and Phosphorus 193 Feeding Regimens 193 Large and Giant Breed Puppies 195 Hip Dysplasia (CHD) 195 Osteochondrosis (OCD) 196 What to Feed Large and Giant Breed Puppies 196 References 197 28 Growth in Cats 199 Introduction 199 Normal Growth 199 What to Feed 199 Energy 199 Protein 200 Fat and Fatty Acids 200 Calcium and Phosphorus 200 Potassium 201 Urinary pH 201 Deficienc.