This second edition in the Gila River Indian Community Anthropological Research Papers series by John P. Wilson provides a narrative history of the Akimel O'Odham and Pee Posh peoples who lived along the middle Gila River in south central Arizona. This updated edition includes expanded and updated tabular data that we wanted to make available to our readers. The manuscript covers the period between AD 1694 and 1945 for which written documentation exists, and is largely based on descriptions that were recorded by explorers, missionaries, soldiers, settlers, and others who traveled through the area. The document is an essential reference for the historic period in southern Arizona, and considerable information is compiled in this book that has previously been unavailable elsewhere.